Qtyp  1. 1.  Bill  IGtbrarg 

Nnrth  (Earoltna  S>tat?  Unmprflity 


QH431 
D213 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DATE 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS  SUB- 
JECT TO  AN  OVERDUE  FINE  AS 
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50M/3-84 


North  Carol ina^S^t^^CI^rary 

VrtSwfgn 
BODY-BUILD  AND  ITS  INHERITANCE 


BY 


CHARLES  BENEDICT  JDAVENPORT 

DIRECTOR    OF    DEPARTMENT    OF    GENETICS,    CARNEGIE    INSTITUTION    OF    WASHINGTON 


I     >     -        •  ■ 


:  •  •   : 


'     "■ 


.: 


*F. 


:■: 


Published  by  the  Carnegie  Instituti| 
washington,  1  >ecembe1 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DATE 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS  SUB- 
JECT TO  AN  OVERDUE  FINE  AS 
POSTED  AT  THE  CIRCULATION 
DESK. 


50M/2-78 


CARNEGIE  INSTITUTION  OF  WASHINGTON 

Publication  No.  329 


Paper  No.  35  of  the  Department  op  Genetics 


JCDD   A    DETWEII  KB 
WASHINGTON 


PREFACE. 

This  study  of  the  hereditary  factors  of  body-build  is  an  outgrowth 
of  the  author's  activities  in  the  office  of  the  Surgeon-General  of  the 
Army  during  the  World  War,  where  he  was  in  charge  of  anthropology. 
In  the  examination  of  thousands  of  young  men  the  extraordinary 
diversity  of  build  was  a  striking  fact.  The  question  of  its  genetic 
basis  arose  and  the  desire  was  stimulated  to  find  out  if  those  physi- 
ologists are  correct  who  account  for  variations  from  average  build 
solely  on  the  ground  of  special  conditions  of  food  intake  and  activity, 
and  generally  disregard  the  possibility  that  factors  of  heredity  are 
involved.  It  was  anticipated  that  the  study  would  be  a  minor  one. 
But,  on  account  of  the  wealth  of  family  data  at  the  Eugenics  Record 
Office,  the  task  assumed  unexpectedly  large  proportions.  Much  cor- 
respondence had  to  be  undertaken  to  secure  confirmation  or  correction 
of  the  records,  and  the  period  of  analysis  of  the  materials  grew  from 
months  into  years,  while  the  manuscript  of  the  text  and  tables 
accumulated. 

Though  it  has  added  much  to  the  bulk  of  the  volume,  it  has  seemed 
desirable  to  print  full  details  about  the  more  critical  cases.  Geo- 
graphical location,  race,  occupation,  and  diseases  have  been  generally 
given  because  they  all  bear  upon  build.  The  height  and  weight  are 
of  course  given,  and  these  are  usually  in  English  measurements,  since 
they  were  first  reported  in  that  system.  They  are  given  in  brief  form 
thus:  "120/63  inches";  which  means  that  the  subject  weighed  L20 
pounds  (usually  including  clothing)  and  was  63  inches  tall  (without 
shoes).  The  word  "inches"  is  added  as  an  indicator  of  the  system  of 
measurement  employed.  In  other  cases  English  measures,  or  indices 
based  on  them,  are  placed  in  parenthesis  in  accordance  with  scientific 
custom.  Net  relative  chest-girths,  where  given,  are  based  on  meas- 
urements taken  just  below  the  axilla,  are  reduced  to  "on  skin" 
measurements  by  subtracting  3  centimeters  for  summer  clothing  and 
6  centimeters  for  indoor  winter  clothing,  and  are  divided  by  net 
stature. 

To  this  book  many  persons  have  contributed.  Hundreds  have  fur- 
nished data  on  the  Records  of  Family  Traits.  Dr.  Bret  Ratner  kindly 
responded  to  my  request  by  having  daily  measurements  made  on  11 
infants  during  the  first  10  days  of  life.  The  photographs  of  men  of 
standard  build  were  contributed  by  Dr.  George  L.  Meylan;  the  photo- 
graphs of  boys  on  plate  3  were  obtained  for  me  by  Dr.  William 
Burdick,  of  the  Playground  Association  of  Baltimore.    Through  the 

iii 


IV  PREFACE. 

kindness  of  Mr.  Carle  0.  Warren,  of  the  Marquand  School,  Brooklyn, 
the  photographs  of  boys  of  various  ages  shown  on  plates  4  to  6  were 
secured.  Dr.  Harvey  G.  Beck  and  Dr.  L.  F.  Barker  gave  permission 
for  the  republication  from  Barker's  "Endocrinology  and  Metabolism" 
of  the  photographs  at  the  bottom  of  plate  8.  The  families  who  have, 
on  request,  furnished  special  data  are  too  numerous  to  mention.  To 
all  of  the  foregoing  I  desire  to  express  sincerest  thanks. 


I 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

Pagi 

Preface iii 

Part  I.  Build,  its  definition  and  its  ontogeny 

A.  General  considerations 

Types  of  variation  in  build A 

The  measurement  of  build 1 

Ontogenetic I 

Adult 5 

Sexual  differences  in  build 5 

Racial  differences  in  build 7 

Geographical  differences  in  build 7 

B.  The  ontogeny  of  build 8 

Materials  and  methods B 

The  ontogenetic  curve  of  build 11 

Later  ontogenetic  changes  in  individual  build L6 

Relation  of  juvenile  to  adult  build 19 

Part  II.  Mass  studies  in  heredity  of  adult  build 22 

Methods  and  materials 

The  adult  index  of  build 

Classification  of  build 

Significance  of  variations  in  build 28 

Diseases  in  relation  to  build 

Mass  study  of  variation  and  heredity  in  build 

Regression  of  progeny  toward  mediocrity 

Hypothesis 40 

Mate  selection  in  build 11 

The  basal  tables 1" 

Part  III.  Family  studies  in  heredity  of  build 51 

A.  Statement  of  problem 51 

B.  Discussion  of  special  matings 51 

Class  I.     Both  parents  slender 51 

Mating  1.  One  parent  is  very  slender  of  slender  stock;  the  other  slender    ."»l 

Mating  2.  Both  parents  are  slender,  of  slender  stock 

Mating  3.  Other  slender  x  very  slender  matings 

Mating  4.  Other  slender  X  slender  matings 

Summary  of  slender  X  slender  matings I  s 

Class  II.  Both  parents  fleshy 

Mating  1.  One  parent  is  very  fleshy,  the  other  fleshy  of  fleshy  stork 

Mating  2.  Both  parents  fleshy  of  fleshy  stock 77 

Mating  3.  Other  very  fleshy  X  very  fleshy  matings BO 

Summary 

Class  III.  Mating  of  slender  with  fleshy  stock.     The  Fi  generation 86 

Mating  1.  One  parent  slender,  of  Blender   stock,  the   other   fleshy  of 
fleshy  stock M ' 

Mating  2.  Other  slender  X  fleshy  mating-      

Mating  3.   Very  slender  X  very  fleshy 

Mating  4.   Slender  x  ver\    lleshy  matings 

Summary 105 

Class  IV.  Matings  of  probably  heterozygous  parents.    The   Fi  genera- 
tion   107 

Mating  1.  Both  parents  either  n  edium  or  Beshj .  and  pn  bablj  cart] 

gametes  for  .slenderness  as  well  as  fleshiness       '"' 

Mating  2.  other  medium  \  medium  matings 

Summary  and  discussion 


VI  CONTENTS. 

Page 
Part  III.  Family  studies  of  build — Continued. 

B.  Discussions  of  special  matings — Continued. 

Class  V.  The  back  cross 119 

Mating  1.  Heterozygous  medium  or  fleshy  X  slender 119 

Mating  2.  Fleshy  X  heterozygous  fleshy  parents 132 

Summary  and  discussion 140 

C.  General  discussion 141 

Heredity  and  environment  in  build 141 

Endocrine  glands  as  links  between  chromosomes  and  somatic  qualities ....  145 

Evidence  of  segregation  in  the  heredity  of  build 146 

On  the  number  of  factors  involved  in  fleshy  build 149 

D.  Summary  of  conclusions 152 

Appendix 155 

Literature  cited 175 

Plates 177 


BODY-BUILD  AND  ITS  INHERITANCE 


BY 


Charles  Benedict  Davenport 

Director  of  Department  of  Genetics,  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington 


PART  I. 

BUILD,  ITS  DEFINITION  AND  ITS  ONTOGENY. 

A.    GENERAL  CONSIDERATIONS. 

If  a  hundred  men  of  about  the  same  Btal  lire  be  compared,  it  La  Been 
that  they  vary  greatly  in  weight.  At  the  same  time  they  vary  in 
form,  and  especially  in  bulk.  This  variation  is  popularly  recognized 
by  the  variety  of  terms  applied  to  build.  Tt  may  be  of  hit  en 
pause  a  moment  to  consider  popular  terminology  relating  to  build. 
We  have,  first,  terms  expressing  a  marked  deviation  below  the  normal 
build.  We  speak  of  persons  as  "slender,"  "thin,"  "gaunt."  "slim," 
"slight."  "spare,"  "lank,"  and  "spindling."  These  terms  :u<  not 
exactly  synonyms.  "Lank"  implies  angularity;  "gaunt"  connotes  the 
ravage  of  disease;  "thin"  connotes  a  loss  of  weight ;  "slight"  connotes 
lightness  and  smallness  of  bone;  "spindling"  is  used  especially  of 
youth  in  the  period  of  rapid  growth  preceding  adolescence;  "slim" 
has  a  faint  connotation  of  insufficiency;  "slender"  best  exp'  the 

idea  which  we  shall  want  to  use  in  this  work  where  we  have  a  rela- 
tively small  interest  in  stature  and  where  we  wish  to  avoid  connota- 
tion of  disease,  developmental  changes,  etc.  In  other  languages  there 
exists  a  series  of  terms  which  similarly  differ  slightly  in  connotation. 
Thus,  in  French,  there  is  "maigre,"  in  German  "mager,"  which 
often  connote  a  loss  of  weight  through  disease,  "diinn."  which  con- 
notes loss  of  a  former  more  nearly  average  weight,  and  "schlank," 
which  is  close  to  the  English  "slender."  On  the  other  hand,  the 
English  language  contains  a  variety  of  terms  applicable  to  deviation 
in  build  above  the  average.  Thus  we  have  the  words  "stout," 
"portly,"  "fleshy,"  "corpulent,"  "thick-set,"  "obese."  "chubby,"  and 
"fat."  The  word  "stout"  usually  carries  a  connotation  of  vigor.  The 
term  "portly"  connotes  large  size  with  a  tendency  to  excessively  great 
circumference.  "Fleshy"  is  nearly  synonymous  \yith  "portly*1  but  has 
less  connotation  of  majesty  of  size.  "Corpulent"  usually  carries 
connotation  of  abdominal  enlargement.  '"Thick-set"  implies  a  lai 
bony  frame.  "Obese"  frequently  connotes  excessive,  Btrictly  patho- 
logical, increase  of  build,  "(hubby"  is  applied  especially  to  infants. 
"Fat"  connotes  excessive  production  of  fat  in  the  body,  as  opposed  to 
an  unusually  large  muscular  development.  Perhaps  of  all  of  thi 
terms  "fleshy"  is  as  satisfactory  as  any  as  an  expression  for  build 
without  connotation  in  respect  to  degree  or  source  of  great  weight, 
whether  due  to  fat,  muscle,  or  bone.  In  the  German  language  there 
are  the  terms,  "plump,"  and  "schwerfallig,"  winch  serve  to  expi 
large  build.  In  the  French  language  there  are  the  terms,  "gl 
"obese,"  and  "embonpoint."  which  is  near  to  the  English  equivalent 

3 


4  build:  definition  and  ontogeny. 

"stout"  or  "fleshy."  In  the  present  work  the  term  "fleshy"  is  used, 
despite  its  slight  suggestion  of  muscular  development  merely,  largely 
because  it  begins  with  a  different  letter  from  slender.  The  word 
"slender"  will  be  used  for  the  other  extreme  of  build.  It  has  been 
found  convenient  to  indicate  those  terms  by  their  initial  letters  "S" 
and  "F"  respectively. 

Our  main  problem  is,  in  how  far  does  this  difference  in  build  between 
slender  and  fleshy  persons  depend  on  constitutional  factors? 

Types  of  Variation  in  Build. 

Two  types  of  variation  in  build  have  to  be  distinguished:  (a)  the 
ontogenetic  change  in  normal  build  during  development  with  increas- 
ing stature,  and  (b)  the  change  in  weight  in  adults  of  relatively 
invariable  stature.  In  type  a,  stature  and  other  proportions  are 
rapidly  changing,  but  in  type  b,  stature  remains  constant,  and, 
throughout  the  race,  stature  does  not  differ  as  much  in  mature  persons 
as  it  does  from  birth  to  maturity.  These  two  types  follow  different 
laws  and  must  be  studied  by  different  methods.  Consequently  they 
are  considered  in  distinct  parts  of  the  present  paper. 

The  Measurement  of  Build. 

It  is  now  necessary  to  consider  how  build  may  best  be  expressed 
quantitatively.  The  subject  of  the  best  index  of  build  has  been  much 
discussed,  but  without  sufficiently  differentiating  between  the  two 
types  of  variation  in  build,  the  ontogenetic  and  the  adult.  One  of  the 
latest  authors  to  consider  the  matter  is  Bardeen  (1920,  p.  486),  who 
mentions  the  desirability  of  recording  the  volume  of  the  body  as  a 
whole,  notes  its  impracticability,  and  concludes  that  we  may  estimate 
volume  from  weight.  It  may,  however,  be  doubted  if  volume  is  really 
involved  in  the  popular  notion  of  build.  At  least,  it  is  equally  prob- 
able that  the  idea  of  build,  as  popularly  conceived,  is  a  relation  of 
transverse  to  vertical  diameters.  When  I  look  at  a  man,  or  a  photo- 
graph of  one  as  in  plate  1,  and  think,  "he  is  slender,"  it  is  because  I 
make  a  mental  comparison  of  his  breadth  (of  shoulders  or  chest)  with 
his  height  and  find  that  his  breadth  in  comparison  with  that  of  most 
men  I  know  of  that  height  is  small;  or  if  he  is  stout  the  diameter  of 
the  chest  is  large  in  relation  to  stature  (plate  2).  It  seems  probable 
that  breadth  in  relation  to  height  gives  the  best  expression  of  the 
popular  idea  of  build.  By  the  use  of  this  relation,  build  can  be  easily 
expressed  for  any  age,  since  chest  circumference  (which  bears  a  nearly 
constant  relation  to  chest  diameter)  has  been  recorded  for  many  per- 
sons of  all  ages. 

Ontogenetic. — Since  in  so  many  children  and  young  people  the 
stature  and  chest  circumference  have  been  measured,  it  is  possible  to 
use  these  data  in  finding  the  law  of  normal  ontogenetic  changes  in 


MEASUREMENT  OF  BUILD.  .". 

build  from  birth  to  maturity.    This  ratio,  chest-girth  -s-stature,  has 

thus  been  used  in  discussing  this  law,  as  more  fully  described  in  g 
tion  B.  This  relation  can  be  used  for  tracing  the  change  in  build  of 
the  same  developing  child  or  for  tracing  the  average  change  of  build. 
Adult. — In  the  study  of  adult  changes  of  build  we  start  with  the 
condition  that  in  the  individual  the  stature  is  fixed.  Consequently, 
in  an  individual  whose  weight  is  changing,  the  relation  of  the  build  at 
a  years  is  to  that  at  another  period  n  years  later  as  chest -girth 
at  a  years :  chest-girth  at  a  -f  n  years.  Thus,  in  the  adult  period, 
changes  of  build  arc  proportional  to  chest-girth.  In  different  persons, 
of  differing  stature,  the  stature  has  to  be  taken  into  account,  and  the 
differences  in  build  are  measured  by  the  relation  of  relative  chest- 
girth  as  in  children.  Unfortunately,  in  our  study  of  heredity  in  adult 
build,  we  usually  do  not  know  the  chest-girth  of  the  different  mem- 
bers of  the  family,  but  only  their  stature  and  weight.  Our  problem  is, 
then,  to  find  a  relation  between  chest-girth  and  weight  that  will 
enable  us  to  infer  the  one  from  the  other.  This  problem  will  be  further 
considered  in  a  later  section  (p.  24). 

Sexual  Differences  in  Build. 

Sex  influences  the  body  so  profoundly  that  we  have,  first  of  all.  to 
consider  its  influence  on  build,  either  in  early  or  in  adult  stages.  At 
birth  there  is,  on  the  average,  a  difference  between  the  sexes  in 
weight.  The  male  is  about  2.5  per  cent  heavier  than  the  female 
(3,310  :  3.230  grams  in  German  children,  Daffner.  1902,  p.  125,  quoting 
Hecker;  3,606  :  3,485  grams  in  American  children,  Benedict  and  Tal- 
bot, 1915).  But  this  does  not  imply  that  the  boy  baby  is  the 
chubbier,  since  the  boy  baby  is  longer  by  about  1.7  per  cent  than  the 
girl  baby.  There  is  no  obvious  difference  in  the  chubbiness  of  the 
sexes  at  birth.  Likewise,  in  later  infancy  no  obvious  difference  has 
been  detected,  though  no  thoroughgoing  studies  have  been  made  on 
this  subject.  In  childhood  and  youth  children  of  different  sex  differ 
in  build  on  the  average,  but  this  is  because  the  form  of  the  ontogenetic 
curve  of  build  is  very  different.  After  maturity  and  cessation  of 
growth,  there  is  a  marked  difference  in  form  between  the  sexes.  The 
female  has  more  subcutaneous  fat  and  appears  plumper.  If  the 
criterion  of  weight  be  applied,  the  complication  arises  that  the  specific 
gravity  of  the  female  seems  to  be  less  than  that  o\  the  male  |  Bardeen, 
1920,  p.  488,  following  Meeh,  1895).  As  found  by  Medico-Actuarial 
Mortality  investigations  of  the  Associated  Life  Insurance  .Medical 
Directors  of  the  Actuarial  Society  of  America.  1912,  volume  I.  p.  251 : 
"The  difference  in  weight  between  men  and  women  iA  the  same 
height  is  slight  under  the  age  of  20,  but  above  that  age  young  men 
are  distinctly  heavier  than  young  women,  the  difference  becoming  less 
marked  as  they  grow  older.     The  tall  women  are  markedly  lighter 


6 


build:  definition  and  ontogeny. 


than  men  of  the  same  height."  The  main  reason  for  the  greater 
weight  of  young  men  is  their  relatively  much  greater  chest  circum- 
ference. 

Table  I.— The  distribution  of  frequencies  of  the  various  classes  of  build  of  offspring  derived 

from  the  various  types  of  matings. 

Summation  Table,  Males  only.     Based  on  Table  11. 


Build  o 

f  male  offspring. 

Total 

Type  of 
mating. 

No.  of 
matings. 

No  of 

No. 

children. 

male  and 

VS 

S 

M 

F 

VF 

female 
children. 

VSxS 

4 

5 

1 

2 

1 

1 

0 

11 

VSxM 

8 

11 

0 

2 

7 

2 

0 

28 

VSxF 

5 

12 

0 

1 

4 

6 

1 

25 

SxS 

23 

29 

1 

21 

7 

0 

0 

47 

SxM 

101 

172 

0 

12 

116 

38 

6 

306 

SxF 

49 

88 

1 

5 

51 

30 

1 

155 

SxVF 

11 

23 

0 

3 

8 

10 

2 

34 

MxM 

92 

178 

0 

18 

117 

40 

3 

327 

MxF 

114 

194 

0 

9 

118 

58 

9 

340 

MxVF 

30 

59 

1 

3 

21 

24 

10 

112 

FXF 

33 

77 

3 

30 

34 

6 

4 

156 

FxVF 

30 

57 

0 

0 

22 

28 

7 

100 

VFxVF 
Total 

7 

21 

0 

0 

9 

3 

9 

30 

507 

926 

7 

106 

515 

246 

52 

1.671 

Average  build 

25.00 

29.03 

33.64  !  39.15 

49.09 

Average  male  index  of  build,  35.81  ±.12.     Standard  deviation,  5.33 ±.084. 

Table  2. — The  distribution  of  frequencies  of  the  various  classes  of  build  of  offspring  derived 

from  the  various  types  of  matings. 


Summation  ' 

rABLE,  Females  onlx 

.     Based 

on  Table 

11a. 

Build  of  female  offspring. 

Type  of 
mating. 

No.  of 
matings. 

No.  of 
children. 

VS 

S 

M                F 

VF 

VSxS 

4 

6 

1 

4 

1 

0 

0 

VSxM 

8 

17 

1 

5 

10 

0 

0 

VSxF 

5 

13 

1 

4 

6 

1 

1 

SxS 

23 

18 

4 

11 

3 

0 

0 

SXM 

101 

134 

0 

36 

78 

15 

5 

SxF 

49 

67 

2 

16 

29 

19 

1 

SxVF 

11 

11 

0 

1 

6 

4 

0 

MxM 

92 

149 

2 

21 

81 

41 

4 

MxF 

114 

146 

0 

19 

90 

30 

7 

MxVF 

30 

53 

1 

4 

29 

12 

7 

FxF 

33 

79 

0 

12 

30 

27 

10 

FxVF 

30 

43 

0 

3 

16 

14 

10 

VFxVF 
Total 

7 

9 

0 

0 

5 

3 

1 

507 

745 

12 

136 

384 

167 

46 

Average  build 

24.17 

28.69 

33.41 

39.23 

46.76 

Average  female  index  of  build,  34.54±.13.         Standard  deviation,  5. 13 ±.09. 


SEXUAL  1)111  Kl  IN    i:i    ll.D.  7 

Proceeding  by  a  method  to  be  developed  later,  I  have  divided  adult 
build  into  five  classes,  and  counted  for  the  various  matings  the  Dumber 
of  children  falling  into  each.    (See  tables  1  and  2. )    The  a  index 

of  build,  obtained  from  the  individual  indices  of  build,  is  2.52  I  metric 
system)  or  35.81  ±  0.12  (English  system)  for  males,  and  2.43 
(34.54  ±  0.13)  for  females,  a  difference  of  only  3.7  per  cenl  in  favor 
of  the  males,  a  difference  that  for  our  purposes  can  be  neglected.  A 
separation  of  the  sexes  in  our  studies  will  therefore  be,  ordinarily, 
not  attempted,  and  this  has  the  advantage  in  giving  us  larger  fre- 
quencies in  our  tables. 

Racial  Differences  in  Build. 

That  there  are  marked  racial  differences  in  build  is  notorious.  The 
slender  Scotchman  (plate  1,  fig.  3)  is  in  striking  contrast  with  the 
South  Italian,  Greek,  or  Russian  Jew  (plate  2,  fig.  3).  The  Eskimo 
are  noted  for  their  fleshiness,  but  Arctic  conditions  seem  to  favor  la 
build.  (See  Davenport  and  Love,  1921,  p.  165.)  Martin  (1914,  p. 
248)  gives  an  average  body-build  of  1.42  (2.3  our  system)  for  South 
Russian  Jews  and  1.07  (1.7  our  system)  for  Bushmen.  Probably  the 
Nilotic  negroes  are  the  slenderest  race  on  earth  (Martin,  191,  p.  21 
for  photograph  see  Martin,  p.  203,  or  Davenport,  1917,  p.  347).  The 
racial  differences  in  body-build  are  so  great  that,  when  feasible,  race 
should  be  taken  into  account  in  studies  on  body-build. 

Geographical  Differences  in  Build. 
Apart  from  race,  it  seems  probable  that  climate  influences  build. 
The  races  that  live  in  the  north  polar  region  are  of  stout  build,  but 
this  may  be  a  racial  trait.    On  the  other  hand,  the  whites  who  come  to 
live  near  the  pole  are  heavier  than  those  who  live  near  the  equator. 
This  may  be  due  to  relative  freedom  in  the  subpolar  area  from  certain 
diseases  which  reduce  weight.    There  may.  however,  be  a  physiolog- 
ical response  of  the  body  to  the  long,  cold  winters.     Whatever 
explanation,  men  from  Alaska  were  found,  at  mobilization  of  the 
United  States  Army  in  1917-1S,  to  have  a  much  higher  index  of  build 
than  those  from  any  other  region,  i.e.,  2.28  (32.41  >:    North  Dakota 
and  South  Dakota  came  next,  with  indices  of  2.24  (31.85)  and  2 
(31.73)  respectively.    These  were  followed  by  Montana.  Mini 
and  Wisconsin.    Contrariwise,  the  recruits  from  the  Gulf  States  had 
a  low  index  of  build.    Whatever  the  determining  causes,  geographical 
differences  in  build  do  exist.    Consequently,  in  studies  of  build,  r 
desirable  to  consider  the  residences  of  the  persons  studied. 

"The  method  of  measuring  build  i-  -I       The  smaller 

between   1.5  and  4.5)  is  the  metric  index     The  lirir-r  in  lei   [2  »  up   U>  100 
system  index,  and  is  usually  8  1  without  decim 


8  build:  definition  and  ontogeny. 

B.    THE  ONTOGENY  OF  BUILD. 

From  the  time  of  fertilization  of  the  egg  it  proceeds  on  its  course 
of  development  directed  by  its  "hereditary  factors/'  but  modifiable 
by  the  conditions  offered  by  the  environment.  Thus  is  determined  the 
weight  of  the  baby  at  birth,  and  thus  the  build  of  the  later  stages  to 
maturity  are  directed.  It  has  seemed  useful  to  measure  the  changes 
in  build  from  birth  to  maturity,  using  the  method  of  measuring  build 
during  development  described  in  an  earlier  section  (p.  4). 

Materials  and  Methods. 

The  materials  available  for  such  a  study  are  considerable  and  may 
be  drawn  from  a  large  number  of  different  nationalities.  A  selection 
had  to  be  made  from  this  material;  there  were  chosen  the  best  avail- 
able series  from  those  nationalities  most  representative  of  the  popu- 
lation of  the  United  States,  considering  the  diversity  of  its  European 
origin.  Two  sets  of  data  were  utilized:  first,  collections  of  measure- 
ments made  on  males  from  1  year  to  21  years ;  second,  some  collections 
from  children  of  both  sexes  from  birth  to  1  year  of  age. 

The  first  collection  of  data  is  gathered  from  nine  sources,  listed 
below.  The  data  used  are  given  in  detail  in  table  3,  which  shows  the 
number  of  individuals  measured  by  each  observer  at  each  age,  the 
average  relative  chest-girth  at  that  age,  and  the  average,  for  each  age. 
of  the  different  averages  of  the  relative  chest-girths  formed  by  each 
observer.  These  averages  are  not  weighted,  since  the  racial  stocks 
measured  by  the  different  observers  differed.  The  average  of  each 
observer  has  therefore  to  be  considered  as  a  unit  of  nearly  equal  value 
with  that  of  any  other  (table  3). 

1.  Quetelet  (1870)  data.  As  Quetelet's  original  book  was  not  available, 
the  data  reprinted  in  Bardeen  (1920,  p.  544)  were  used.  Quetelet  measured 
10  persons  at  each  age  from  1  to  20  years  (and  older).  He  selected  his 
subjects  with  good  judgment  and  the  resulting  curve  of  varying  build  is 
remarkably  smooth.    The  subjects  were  doubtless  Belgians. 

2.  Weissenberg  (1911)  data.  These  were  gathered  by  observations  on 
South  Russian  Jews.  The  numbers  observed  ranged  from  15  males  at  birth 
to  about  40  to  100  at  later  ages.  This  series  is  of  especial  value  because 
such  large  numbers  of  individuals  of  each  age  were  measured  and  because 
in  it  are  considered  only  children  as  near  as  possible  to  their  birthdays; 
that  is,  as  2  or  3  year  old  children  were  taken  those  of  exactly  2  or  3  years 
±  2  months;  as  4,  5,  and  6  year  olds,  4,  5,  and  6  years  ±  3  months;  as  7  and 
8  years,  7  or  8  years  ±  4  months.  For  older  children  the  even  year  =fc  5 
months  was  taken.  The  measurement  was  taken  at  the  line  of  the  nipples 
and  below  the  lower  apex  of  the  scapulae;  chest  apparently  at  rest. 

3.  Benedict  and  Talbot  (1920)  data.  These  were  gathered  from  healthy 
children  of  Boston,  Massachusetts.  Girth  was  taken  at  the  nipples,  in  a 
quiescent  condition.  The  number  of  individuals  considered  at  each  age  is 
small  (1  to  9) ,  but  the  data  are  precious,  because  so  few  have  been  published 
for  the  period  2  to  5  years. 


ONTOGENY  OF   BUILD. 


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10  build:  definition  and  ontogeny. 

4.  Masters  Day  Nursery  data,  Original,  from  measurements  made  upon 
healthy  children  in  New  York  City.  The  chest  was  measured  at  the  line 
of  the  nipples  in  a  quiescent  condition.    The  numbers  are  small,  2  per  year. 

5.  Town  (1922)  data.  A  special  study  of  5  and  6  year  old  children  of 
Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa.    There  were  31  and  11  children  respectively. 

6  Reitz  (1904)  data.  A  study  of  school  children  of  Berlin,  Germany. 
Chest-girth  measured  "at  rest."  From  23  to  209  at  the  respective  ages  from 
6  to  19  years,  inclusive. 

7.  Baldwin  (1921)  data.  A  group  of  60  boys  of  the  well-to-do  class  at 
the  Horace  Mann  School,  New  York  City,  were  measured  repeatedly  in 
successive  years  from  7  to  17  years  of  age  inclusive.  Chest  at  "normal" 
condition. 

8.  Godin  (1903)  data.  Measurements  taken  annually  on  the  same  100 
boys  in  a  French  military  school  at  St.  Hippolyte-du-Fort,  Gard.  Chest- 
girth  below  pectoralis  in  repose.    Ages  131/2  to  17  years  inclusive. 

9.  Hitchcock,  Seeley,  and  Phillips  (1900)  data.  Measurements  made  on 
about  40  to  600  students  at  Amherst  College  at  each  age  from  16  to  26  years 
inclusive.  The  chest-girth  is  made  at  the  level  of  the  nipples  and  embraces 
the  scapulse. 

Owing  to  the  complex  nature  of  the  curve  of  build  during  the  first 
year  of  development,  special  collections  of  data  were  made  for  this 
portion  of  the  curve  (table  4).    They  are  listed  as  follows: 

1.  Original  data  contributed  by  Dr.  Bret  Ratner,  pediatrician,  of  New 
York,  being  measurements  made  in  May  and  June,  1922,  of  weight,  length, 
and  chest  circumference  on  11  babies  at  the  Manhattan  Maternity  Hospital 
during  each  of  the  first  10  days  after  birth.  There  were  9  boys  and  2 
girls.  Judging  alone  by  the  surnames,  there  were  apparently  of  British 
stock  6,  of  German  stock  2,  of  Italian  stock  2,  and  of  Spanish  stock  1.  It 
is  very  difficult  to  measure  length  and  chest-girth  of  infants.  Length  "on 
birthday"  was  generally  taken  with  the  child  suspended  by  its  feet,  chest- 
girth  with  the  chest  as  quiet  as  possible.  The  first  measurement  was  taken 
as  soon  as  the  baby  was  born,  and  each  morning  thereafter  at  8h30m  a.  m. 
The  later  lengths  were  measured  on  a  graduated  board. 

2.  New  York  Milk  Station  data  collected  by  Miss  Louise  A.  Nelson  and 
Miss  Margaret  R.  Babcock,  of  the  Eugenics  Record  Office  staff.  They  were 
made  during  May  and  June  1922,  on  healthy  babies,  without  clothing.  The 
length  was  measured  with  the  aid  of  a  graduated  board.  Boys  and  girls 
were  both  included,  as  at  this  age  their  build  is  not  very  different,  on  the 
average.  The  numbers  ranged  from  4  to  52  for  the  various  months  from 
0.5  month  to  13  months  by  0.5-month  intervals. 

3.  Ratner  advanced  data.  Original  data  secured  by  Dr.  Bret  Ratner 
(at  Manhattan  Maternity  Hospital,  New  York  City,  on  healthy  children 
whose  parents  brought  them  repeatedly  to  the  hospital)  and  kindly  given 
to  the  writer  for  this  study.  In  this  series,  observations  are  especially 
abundant  at  1,  1.5,  and  2  months  (47,  170,  and  30  cases  respectively). 

4.  Grover  (1915)  data.  Boys  only  among  out-patients  of  the  Children's 
Hospital,  Boston,  and  visitors  at  milk  stations.  No  clothing.  Chest  mea- 
sured at  level  of  nipples,  midway  between  inspiration  and  expiration. 
Length  measured  on  graduated  board.    From  2  to  5  at  each  month  of  age. 

5.  Benedict  and  Talbot  (1920)  data.  (See  No.  3,  p.  9.)  One  to  6 
individuals  at  the  various  months. 


ONTOGENETIC    CURVE    OF    Hill.]). 


1  1 


6.  Schmid-Monnard    ( 1892 1   data.     Copied   from   Bardeen    (1920,  page 

5421.     Boys  and  girls  measured  at  Frankfort  am  Mam.  Germany.     8  U    I  i 
in  respective  months.    Ages  1  to  13  months  and  up  to  .'*<)  months. 

7.  Crum  (1915)  data.  Average  measurements  of  babies  without  regard 
to  sex,  193  to  264  per  month,  mostly  baby-show  babies  and  hence  Btrongly 
selected.    Various  parts  of  the  United  States. 

From  the  foregoing  collections  of  data,  tables  3,  4,  and  5  were  drawn 
up,  giving  for  each  age  the  mean  relative  chest-girth  found  by  each 
observer.  Also,  the  number  of  individuals  upon  which  the  measure- 
ment is  based,  necessary  for  weighting  the  mean.  The  mean  of  all 
measurements  was  weighted  in  table  4,  but  not  in  table  3  for  the 
reasons  stated  on  page  8. 

Table  4. — Average  relative  chest-girth  of  irifants  from  birth  to  13  month*. 

[Obtained  from  6  series  of  observations,  described  on  pages  12,  13.  The  main  entries  of  the  tabic 
are  given  in  4  places  of  decimals  (point  omitted).  Immediately  to  the  loft  of  each  main  entry  i« 
given  the  number  of  persons  measured  to  obtain  that  average.  The  column  at  the  extreme  right 
gives  the  weighted  averages  of  the  averages  standing  in  the  same  line.] 


Time. 

3.  Ratner. 

2.  N.  Y. 
Milk 

( cf  and  9  )• 

4.  Grover. 

5.  Benedict 
and  Talbot. 

6.  Schmid 

and 
Monnard. 

7.  Crum. 

Aver 

No. 

Avg. 

No. 

Avg. 

No. 

Avg. 

No.  |  Avg. 

No. 

Avg. 

No. 

Avg. 

2  weeks 

1  month 
1.5  months 

2  months 

3  months 

4  months 

5  months 

6  months 

7  months 

8  months 

9  months 

10  months 

11  months 

12  months 

13  months 

32 

47 

170 

30 

11 

12 

10 

8 

10 

3 

3 

2 

1 

1 

6641 
6602 
6772 
6670 
6700 
6542 
6492 
6500 
6720 
6267 
6550 
6200 
6600 
5800 

4 

26 
36 
52 
49 
39 
26 
39 
27 
23 
26 
18 
13 
8 
11 

6533 
6504 
6639 
6623 
6566 
6542 
6522 
6542 
6424 
6317 
6364 
6431 
6354 
6271 
6186 

3  6599 
2  6249 

4  6574 

6627 
6418 
6745 
6612 

6607 
6368 
«;:.4o 
6466 

1 

6400 

6318 

6222 

2 

5861 

67 

6280 

4 
3 
3 
3 
5 
3 
4 
3 
2 
2 
1 

6661 
6220 
6157 
6278 
6278 
6203 
6464 
6060 
6237 

f.SCS 

5691 

3 
4 
4 
3 
6 
3 
1 
4 
2 
1 
1 
1 

6765 
6529 
6304 
6455 
6117 
6500 
6308 
(;:::,_• 

6110 
6174 
6383 
6026 

44 
37 
30 
37 
27 
19 
16 
20 
17 
1.". 

22 

19 

6470 
6040 
6510 
6230 
6540 
6240 

1.4  OO 

6160 
6-100 
6120 

ootid 

tiOSd 

268 
232 

J 11 
209 
193 
289 

■ 

6666 

6468 
6470 
6366 
6404 

6298 

■ 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  means  of  build  differ,  for  the  constant 
age,  more  than  do  the  differences  between  successive  ages.  That  is  to 
say,  the  absolute  difference  between  races  at  any  given  age  is  greater 
than  the  average  differences  between  one  year  and  the  next. 

The  mean  relative  chest  circumferences  for  the  different  ages  are 
plotted  in  figure  2. 

The  Ontogenetic  Cubvb  oi  Hi  ild. 

The  resulting  curve  of  build  from  birth  to  maturity  is  given  in 
figure  1.  This  curve  shows  that  build  in  males  is  greatest  at  birth, 
or  at  about  1  month,  and  that  it  then  steadily  diminishes  to  L2  years 


12 


build:  definition  and  ontogeny. 


of  age.  It  then  slowly  increases  to  maturity,  and  indeed  to  30  years, 
after  which  it  increases  with  extreme  slowness,  probably  to  55  years. 
From  table  4a  and  the  curve  of  build,  figure  2,  we  see  that  the  infant 
at  birth  has  a  chest-girth  which  is  somewhat  over  two-thirds  of 
stature  (0.6685).  It  falls  rapidly  to  one  month  after  birth,  and  then 
begins  to  rise.  This  minimum  is  connected  with  the  loss  of  weight 
which  follows  birth,  and  is  due  to  the  difficulty  of  making  adjustments 
to  the  new  conditions  which  the  organism  has  to  meet.  This  adjust- 
ment is  soon  thereafter  completed  and  within  2  months  chest-girth 
and  weight  are  not  only  recovered,  but  have  caught  up  with  increasing 
length  of  body.  At  6  weeks  the  body  has  reached  its  maximum 
post-natal  chubbiness.    Another  temporary  loss  in  chubbiness  occurs 


690 
670 
650 
630 
610 
590 
570 
550 
530 
510 
490 
470 


~~1     i     _     I     i     1  I i 

c 

v 1 — 


10 


12 


16 


18 


20 


22 


»4    25 
Years 


Fig.  1. — Polygon  of  development  of  relative  chest-girth,  male. 

Abscissae:  Age  in  years.  Ordinates  (chest-girth  -r  stature)  X  1000.  Based  on  averages  of 
the  measurements  of  Quetelet  (Belgians),  Weissenberg  (Russian  Jews),  Benedict  and 
Talbot  (U.S.A.).  Masters  Day  Nursery,  N.  Y.  City,  Town  (Iowa  children).  Gray  and 
Jacobs  (school  boys,  well-to-do),  Reitz  (Germans),  Godin  (French),  Hitchcock  (U.  S.  A. 
college  men),  Baldwin  (N.  Y.  City  schools). 

at  about  8  months,  due  perhaps  to  the  cutting  of  the  incisors.  The 
decline  which  subsequently  ensues  is  prevailingly  due  to  the  rapid 
growth  of  the  legs  without  corresponding  increase  in  transverse 
diameter  (plates  3  and  4).  At  about  12  years  the  boy  enters  the 
awkward  age  when,  his  legs  and  arms  having  grown  from  5  to  10  cm. 
in  a  single  year,  he  has  not  yet  acquired  muscular  control  of  them 
(plate  7,  fig.  2).  At  the  same  time  his  trunk  retains  childish  propor- 
tions (plate  5,  fig.  12).  A  little  earlier  than  the  boy,  the  girl  enters 
the  "Backfisch"  stage  of  similar  slenderness  and  awkwardness  (plate 
7,  fig.  3,  from  Stratz,  1922,  p.  258).  It  is  commonly  believed  that 
this  rapid  growth  of  the  appendages  and  their  long  bones  is  controlled 
by  the  secretions  of  the  pituitary  gland.  Gradually  in  the  boy,  at 
14  years,  as  the  gonads  begin  to  ripen,  the  growth  of  the  legs  is 
retarded  and  the  transverse  chest  diameter  begins  to  increase  rapidly; 


ONTOGENKI  K     «  i  i;\  l.    01     m   II.!>. 


13 


the  lad  is  quickly  transformed  into  a  broad-shouldered,  broad-chested, 

stocky  man  (plate  3,  fig.  3,  plate  :>,  I'm.  8)  and  accordingly  the 
of  build  rises  much  more  in  the  young  man  than  in  the  young  woman 
(plate  7,  figs.  4  and  5).  Consequently  the  adult  female  build,  as 
measured  by  relative  chest  circumference,  is  relatively  Bmall.  At 
about  19  or  20  years'  growth  in  stature  has  usually  practically  ceased. 
Meanwhile  chest-girth  increases  slowly  by  the  enlargement  of  trunk 
muscles  and  deposition  of  fat.  Weight  i-,  indeed,  stated  to  increase, 
on  the  average,  until  the  age  of  55  years  (tables  G  and  7). 


Relative 
chest 

girth. 


670 


660 


650 


640 


630 


620 


V  v7\ 

v  \  f\  1 

\/       r 

I 




610 

I-  M 

itha 

Fro.  2. — Polygon  of  relative  chest-girth  in  infants,  from  liinli  t.>  fourteen  months,  with 
smoothed  curve  of  build  (dotted  line).  Data  from  New  York  Milk  Stations  and  I  >r 
B.  Ratner. 

It  may  be  well  to  consider  briefly,  necessarily  somewhat  specula- 
tively, the  significance  of  this  ontogenetic  change  in  build.  First  of 
all,  the  high  relative  chest  circumference  of  infancy  is  due  chiefly  to 
the  extremely  short  legs  of  the  infant.  Leg-length  constitutes  only 
about  40  per  cent  of  stature  at  birth,  whereas  it  comes  t<>  constitute 
53  to  55  per  cent  at  maturity.  Consequently,  the  relative  leg-length 
at  infancy  is  only  a  trifle  more  than  70  per  cent  of  tic  adult  relative 


14 


build:  definition  and  ontogeny 


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V 


16  build:  definition  and  ontogeny. 

leg-length.  Likewise  the  leg-length  of  the  gorilla  is  about  70  per  cent 
that  of  a  European  man  (German,  cf.  Martin,  1914,  p.  308).  Con- 
sequently the  relative  leg-length  of  the  infant,  at  birth,  is  to  that  of  the 
adult  as  the  relative  leg-length  of  an  anthropoid  ape  is  to  the  relative 
leg-length  of  man.  Incidentally,  it  may  be  added  that  the  relative 
length  of  the  arm  of  the  infant  is  only  slightly  (8  per  cent)  less  than 
that  of  the  adult,  while  in  the  chimpanzee  the  relative  arm-length  is 
18  per  cent  greater  than  that  of  man. 

We  have  seen  that  the  relative  leg-length  of  the  boy  increases  to 
about  12  years  and  thereafter  diminishes  to  the  period  of  completed 
growth.  The  white  man  has  his  greatest  leg-length  shortly  before 
adolescence.  We  find  that  among  the  races  of  mankind  it  is  the  long- 
legged  negro  tribes  of  East  Africa,  especially  the  upper  Nile  (Johns- 
ton, 1906,  II,  p.  932),  which  are  among  the  lowest  races  of  mankind, 
and  which  seem  to  represent  in  the  adult  the  physical  stage  through 
which  the  white  boy  passes  at  12  years.  Other  African  tribes  have, 
indeed,  relatively  shorter  legs  and  thus  show  a  persisting  adult  stage 
that  is  either  slightly  younger  or  slightly  older  than  that  of  the 
12-year-old  white  boy. 

Figure  1  (to  return  to  it  after  this  digression)  seems  thus  adequately 
to  measure  the  varying  build  of  humans  from  birth  to  past  maturity. 
It  may,  indeed,  be  regarded  as  composed  of  two  parts ;  first,  that  from 
birth  to  the  cessation  of  growth  in  stature,  and  second,  that  beyond 
cessation  of  growth  in  stature. 

The  curve  of  build  thus  obtained  is,  apart  from  the  first  period  of 
adjustment  that  follows  birth,  a  smoothly  flowing  one,  that  might 
indeed  be  expressed  by  a  formula 

y  =  ax  +  bx2  +  cxs  +  dx*,  etc. 

The  curve  of  build  of  figure  1  seems  to  be  new  in  this  form.  It  is, 
however,  of  the  same  general  shape  as  the  curve  of  varying  "Korper- 
fiille"  drawn  by  Martin  (1914,  p.  246)  from  Quetelet's  data  and  based 
on  the  relation  of  weight  -j-  stature3.  The  numbers  of  children  con- 
sidered in  Martin's  figure  are  inadequate  and  there  is  hardly  sufficient 
justification  for  the  use  of  this  formula  to  express  changes  of  build 
during  ontogeny. 

The  ontogenetic  curve  of  build  may  serve  as  a  graphic  representa- 
tion of  the  stages  of  development  as  listed  by  Stratz  (1922).  These 
stages  are  shown  in  table  5. 

Later  Ontogenetic  Changes  in  Individual  Build. 

Any  investigation  of  the  heredity  of  build  is  apt  to  meet  with  the 
difficulty  that  only  the  present  weights  and  statures  of  children,  par- 
ents, and  grandparents  are  known;  that  the  persons  are  of  different 
ages  and  hence  the  data  concerning  them  are  not  precisely  com- 


CHANCES    IN    INDIVID!  AL    lll'lLI). 


1 


parable.  Even  if  we  exclude  from  consideration  children  of  the  rapid 
developmental  period,  under  18  years  of  age,  BtiU  we  have  the  prob- 
lem of  individual  change  of  build  in  mature  life.  Since  Btature  is 
practically  immutable  at  this  period,  change  in  build  may  be  measured 
by  change  in  weight.  That  change  in  weight  does  occur  is  notorious. 
Figures  3  to  6  illustrate  graphically  the  changes  in  weight  in  various 
individuals  from  records  taken  almost  at  random.  In  figure  3  the 
curves  of  increasing  weight  run  rapidly  upward;  in  figure  4  they  go 
up  and  then  fall  again;  in  figure  6  they  are  more  nearly  horizontal. 

Table  5. — Growth-periods  in  children. 

[Modified  from  C.  W.  Strata,   1922,  p.  87.] 


Year  of  age. 


First  (neutral)  child  age. 


0  to  1 


Infancy.     Lactation. 


1    to    2 


2 
3 
4 
5 
6 


3 

4 
5 
6 

7 


.First  period  of  filling  out. 
.  First  stretching. 


Second  (bisexual)  child  age.     Youth. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


7  to    8 

8  9 

9  10 


10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 


11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 


Second  period  of  filling  out. 


Second  stretching  (shooting  up  in 
stature).     Change  of  voice. 


Third  period  of  filling  out  (broaden- 
ing of  chest;  rapid  increase  in 
weight).     Maturity. 


Second  period  of  filling  out  (round- 
ing of  hips  and  l<Ts). 


Second  stretching  (shooting  up  in 
stature).     Menstruation;    bet 
ning  breast  development. 


Third  period  of  fullness  (rapid  in- 
crease in  weight).      Maturity. 


On  the  whole,  the  weight  tends  to  increase  with  age.  Thia  is  Bhown 
by  the  tables  of  the  "Medico-Actuarial  Mortality  Investigation"  |  vol 
I,  pp.  38  and  67).  The  tables  are  reproduced  in  our  tables  <'»  and  7. 
They  show  that,  on  the  average,  weight  tends  to  increase  with  age 
up  to  50  or  51  years.  The  fact  that  there  is,  on  the  average,  an 
increase  in  build,  makes  necessary  an  adjustment   in  BOme  a  of 

the  youthful  indices  of  children  to  make  them  comparable  with  the 
adult  indices  of  their  parents. 

The  adjustment  was  made  to  the  weight  of  the  child  by  finding  in 
the  appropriate  column  of  stature  and  line  ot'  age  the  expected  weight 


18 


build:  definition  and  ontogeny. 


pounds 

210 


pourds 

m 

130 
180 
170 
160 
150 
140 

623 

130 
120 

B23 

l0°25     30     35     40     45     50     55     60 

Fig.  3. — Changes  in  weight  from  25 
to  50  or  60  years  of  father  (F), 
mother  (M),  and  son  (S)  in  D: 
Bol-1  family,  showing  a  consist- 
ent history  of  rapid  increase  of 
build  with  age. 


S 

B30 

20     25     30     35     40     45     50     55 


60     65     70    75 

yVs 


Fig.  4. — Changes  in  weight  from  25  (or  40)  years  to 
45  (or  75)  years  of  father  (F),  mother  (M),  and 
daughter  (D)  in  D:  Boi/-la  family,  showing  a 
history  of  fluctuating  build. 


pound 

200 


190 
150 
170 
160 
150 
140 
120 
130 
110 
100 


20 


c 

V 

7 

\ 

/ 

h/ 

*.v 

V 

I 

9  30 

/ 
/ 

9  32 

'         A 

'                 1                               --' 

^0^ 

^-" 

^    ^^**^^ 

j»29 

L 

■ ' 

1 

i 

1 

25        30 


35 


40        45 


50 
yYs 


Fig.  5. — Changes  in  weight  from  25  to 
45  years  of  3  sibs  belonging  to  the 
D:  Hay-1  family,  showing  a  slight 
tendency  to  increase  with  age. 


pounds 

170 


160 
150 
140 
130 
120 
110 
100 


y 

^••S^ 

ir 

8  30 

i 

B30  ' 
836-^ 

"N^ 

'*J2> 

B30 

1  --.f.0^ 

^*^^ 

^\_ 



15 


20        25 


30 


35        40        45        50 


yrs 


Fig.  6. — Changes  in  weight  from  15  to  50  years 
in  4  sibs  of  the  D:  Ban-1  family,  showing 
no  great  tendency  to  change  of  build  dur- 
ing life. 


CHANGKs   l\    [NDIVIDUAL  Hi  II.D. 


19 


and  adding  the  difference  between  this  weight  and  the  weight  in  the 

same  column  opposite  the  mid-parental  age  to  the  given  weight  of  tin- 
child. 

Table  6. — Graded  average  weight  of  men  of  different    tiature*  at  vario 

[Copied  from  Table  IV  of  "  Medico-actuarial  mortality  inveetigationa."] 


8 

8 

9 

8 

8 

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i 

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9 

J3 

i 

• 

ja 

X. 

JZ 

-c 

JB 

~ 

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-c 

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Q 

JB 

jfl 

— 

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Age, 

o 

c 

o 
B 

c 
a 

o 

a 

- 
a 

9 

c 

e 

£ 

B 

= 

years. 

.-I 

(N 

M 

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t- 

00 

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— 

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n 

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m 

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CD 

J 

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15 

107 

109 

112 

115 

118 

122 

126 

130 

134 

138 

112 

117 

152 

157 

172 

177 

16 

109 

111 

114 

117 

120 

124 

128 

132 

136 

140 

1  11 

1  19 

154 

I'M 

169 

174 

170 

17 

111 

113 

116 

11  i) 

122 

126 

130 

134 

138 

142 

1 16 

161 

156 

[61 

166 

171 

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lsl 

18 

113 

115 

118 

121 

124 

128 

132 

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1  in 

144 

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115 

117 

120 

123 

126 

130 

134 

138 

112 

i  16 

L50 

1 55 

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175 

185 

20 

117 

119 

122 

125 

128 

132 

136 

140 

144 

148 

152 

156 

161 

166 

171 

176 

lsl 

186 

21 

118 

120 

123 

126 

130 

134 

138 

111 

145 

149 

153 

157 

162 

167 

172 

177 

is.' 

ls7 

22 

119 

121 

124 

127 

131 

135 

139 

112 

146 

150 

154 

158 

168 

178 

17s 

ls:< 

188 

23 

120 

122 

125 

1 28 

132 

136 

140 

143 

147 

151 

1 55 

159 

169 

175 

180 

is.", 

190 

24 

121 

123 

126 

129 

133 

137 

141 

144 

148 

1  .".2 

156 

160 

165 

171 

177 

is.' 

ls7 

192 

25 

122 

124 

126 

11".  i 

133 

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1  11 

145 

149 

153 

157 

162 

167 

173 

17" 

184 

189 

26 

123 

125 

127 

130 

134 

138 

1  12 

146 

l  :,i  i 

154 

158 

163 

168 

171 

180 

186 

I'M 

27 

124 

126 

128 

131 

134 

138 

1)2 

146 

150 

154 

l.'.s 

163 

If.'.i 

175 

181 

1*7 

28 

125 

127 

129 

132 

135 

139 

143 

147 

151 

155 

159 

164 

170 

[76 

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lss 

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126 

128 

130 

133 

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1  111 

111 

lis 

152 

156 

160 

165 

171 

177 

183 

[89 

199 

30 

126 

128 

130 

133 

136 

140 

144 

148 

152 

156 

in  1 

166 

17.' 

178 

184 

190 

31 

127 

129 

131 

134 

137 

141 

145 

1  19 

153 

157 

162 

167 

17.; 

179 

185 

I'M 

197 

32 

127 

129 

131 

134 

137 

141 

145 

149 

154 

158 

163 

168 

171 

180 

[86 

192 

33 

127 

129 

131 

134 

137 

141 

145 

149 

151 

159 

164 

169 

175 

181 

187 

34 

128 

130 

132 

135 

138 

142 

146 

150 

155 

160 

165 

170 

176 

182 

lss 

I'M 

35 

128 

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138 

142 

146 

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1  .">.", 

160 

165 

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176 

182 

189 

211 1 

36 

129 

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139 

143 

117 

151 

156 

161 

L66 

171 

177 

183 

100 

1"-. 

2' is 

37 

129 

131 

133 

136 

140 

144 

148 

152 

157 

162 

167 

172 

17s 

L84 

I'M 

1"7 

209 

38 

130 

132 

134 

137 

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1  11 

148 

152 

157 

162 

167 

179 

is.", 

198 

39 

130 

132 

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1  18 

152 

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l<->-' 

167 

173 

179 

is.", 

205 

211 

40 

131 

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171 

180 

is.; 

198 

41 

131 

133 

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i:;s 

141 

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l  .">:> 

158 

163 

168 

171 

I  SIP 

42 

132 

134 

136 

139 

142 

146 

1  :>(  I 

154 

159 

164 

169 

17.-, 

ls| 

1-7 

I'M 

201 

211 

43 

132 

134 

136 

139 

142 

1 16 

150 

154 

159 

n;i 

169 

175 

Isl 

187 

201 

44 

133 

135 

137 

140 

143 

147 

151 

155 

160 

165 

170 

178 

[82 

188 

45 

133 

135 

137 

140 

143 

1  17 

151 

155 

Kill 

L65 

17H 

176 

182 

188 

186 

- 

46 

134 

136 

138 

Ml 

144 

1  is 

152 

1 56 

na 

166 

171 

177 

196 

2ln 

47 

134 

136 

13.S 

141 

114 

14.S 

152 

156 

161 

166 

171 

177 

[M 

197 

211 

48 

134 

136 

138 

141 

144 

148 

152 

[56 

161 

166 

171 

177 

1M 

197 

211 

49 

134 

136 

138 

141 

in 

1  is 

152 

156 

161 

166 

171 

177 

[go 

197 

211 

50 

134 

136 

138 

141 

l  n 

148 

152 

156 

161 

166 

171 

177 

ISO 

197 

217 

51 

135 

137 

139 

142 

145 

149 

153 

157 

162 

167 

172 

17s 

lsl 

19] 

52 

135 

137 

139 

1  12 

145 

149 

153 

157 

H12 

167 

172 

17s 

[84 

191 

198 

53 

136 

137 

139 

142 

146 

14!) 

153 

157 

162 

H.: 

172 

17s 

184 

I'M 

198 

-  - 

54 

136 

137 

139 

142 

145 

1  19 

153 

158 

168 

[68 

17.; 

17s 

1st 

I'M 

198 

55  and  up 

136 

137 

139 

142 

145 

149 

153 

158 

163 

168 

17.; 

17s 

|s| 

I'M 

198 

! 

Relation  of  Juvenile  to  Adult  Build. 

This  adjustment  was  not  always  necessary,  first,  because  in  not  ■ 
few  cases  the  children  were  of  an  adult  age  and  the  data  for  the  build 
of  the  parents,  now  dead,  were  given  for  the  same  a  cond,  exam- 


20 


build:  definition  and  ontogeny. 


ination  of  such  developmental  curves  as  are  shown  in  figure  6  strongly 
indicates  that  when  the  parents  are  of  slender  build,  and  the  children 
are  of  slender  build  at  the  age  of  25  years  younger  than  the  parents, 


the  increase  in  weight  of  the  children  will  not  usually  follow  the 
actuarial  tables.  The  actuarial  tables,  indeed,  represent  only  the 
average  increase,  and  this  average  is  made  of  a  population  that  does 
not  increase  its  weight  at  all  when  it  grows  older  (fig.  6)  and  a  popu- 


Table  7. — Graded 

average  weight 

of  women 

of  different  stat 

ures  i 

it  various 

ages. 

[Copied  from  Table  IX  of  "  Medico-actuarial 

mortality  investigations."] 

m 

CD 

tn 

CD 
.a 

. 

en 

cu 
J3 

.G 

CQ 

CD 

J3 

73 

CO 

00 

CD 

so 

CD 

GO 

a 
J3 

CO 

o 

CO 
CD 

J3 

m 
o 

GO 

CD 

o 

o 

a 

c 

C.1 

o 

o 

CJ 

u 

o 

o 

"o 

_C 

_fl 

Age, 

_c 

a 

a 

C 

.s 

c 

_c 

a 

.s 

« 

o 

",_, 

years. 

00 

o 

o 

^3 

t-3 

Ol 

CO 

"* 

lO 

CO 

t- 

cc 

S3 

— " 

43 

o 
o 

<*- 

43 

CD 
CD 

+3 
CD 

a 

43 
CD 

a 

+3 

0) 

cd 

43 

o 

43 

o 
cu 

43 

o 
o 

43 

o 

43 
0> 

o 

■3 

o 

CD 

43 

CU 

CD 

43 

CD 
CD 

43 
CD 
CD 

43 
4 
CD 

4- 

CD 
CD 

■* 

■* 

^ 

•o 

lO 

lO 

o 

lO 

ITS 

"O 

>o 

lO 

lO 

»c 

lO 

CO 

15 

101 

103 

105 

106 

107 

109 

112 

115 

118 

122 

126 

130 

134 

138 

142 

147 

152 

16 

102 

104 

106 

108 

109 

111 

114 

117 

120 

124 

128 

132 

136 

139 

143 

148 

153  ; 

17 

103 

105 

107 

109 

111 

113 

116 

119 

122 

125 

129 

133 

137 

140 

144 

149 

154 

18 

104 

106 

108 

110 

112 

114 

117 

120 

123 

126 

130 

134 

138 

141 

145 

150 

155 

19 

105 

107 

109 

111 

113 

115 

118 

121 

124 

127 

131 

135 

139 

142 

146 

151 

155 

20 

106 

108 

110 

112 

114 

116 

119 

122 

125 

128 

132 

136 

140 

143 

147 

151 

156 

21 

107 

109 

111 

113 

115 

117 

120 

123 

126 

129 

133 

137 

141 

144 

148 

152 

156  i 

22 

107 

109 

111 

113 

115 

117 

120 

123 

126 

129 

133 

137 

141 

145 

149 

153 

157 

23 

108 

110 

112 

114 

116 

118 

121 

124 

127 

130 

134 

138 

142 

146 

150 

153 

157 

24 

109 

111 

113 

115 

117 

119 

121 

124 

127 

130 

134 

138 

142 

146 

150 

154 

158 

25 

109 

111 

113 

115 

117 

119 

121 

124 

128 

131 

135 

139 

143 

147 

151 

154 

158 

26 

110 

112 

114 

116 

118 

120 

122 

125 

12S 

131 

135 

139 

143 

147 

151 

155 

159 

27 

110 

112 

114 

116 

118 

120 

122 

125 

129 

132 

136 

140 

144 

148 

152 

155 

159 

28 

111 

113 

115 

117 

119 

121 

123 

126 

130 

133 

137 

141 

145 

149 

153 

156 

160 

29 

111 

113 

115 

117 

119 

121 

123 

126 

130 

133 

137 

141 

145 

149 

153 

156 

160 

30 

112 

114 

116 

118 

120 

122 

124 

127 

131 

134 

138 

142 

146 

150 

154 

157 

161 

31 

113 

115 

117 

119 

121 

123 

125 

128 

132 

135 

139 

143 

147 

151 

154 

157 

161 

32 

113 

115 

117 

119 

121 

123 

125 

128 

132 

136 

140 

144 

148 

152 

155 

158 

162 

33 

114 

116 

118 

120 

122 

124 

126 

129 

133 

137 

141 

145 

149 

153 

156 

159 

162 

34 

115 

117 

119 

121 

123 

125 

127 

130 

134 

138 

142 

146 

150 

154 

157 

160 

163 

35 

115 

117 

119 

121 

123 

125 

127 

130 

134 

138 

142 

146 

150 

154 

157 

160 

163 

36 

116 

118 

120 

122 

124 

126 

128 

131 

135 

139 

143 

147 

151 

155 

158 

161 

164 

37 

116 

118 

120 

122 

124 

126 

129 

132 

136 

140 

144 

148 

152 

156 

159 

162 

165 

38 

117 

119 

121 

123 

125 

127 

130 

133 

137 

141 

145 

149 

153 

157 

160 

163 

166 

39 

118 

120 

122 

124 

126 

128 

131 

134 

138 

142 

146 

150 

154 

158 

161 

164 

167 

40 

119 

121 

123 

125 

127 

129 

132 

135 

138 

142 

146 

150 

154 

158 

161 

164 

167 

41 

120 

122 

124 

126 

128 

130 

133 

136 

139 

143 

147 

151 

155 

159 

162 

165 

168 

42 

120 

122 

124 

126 

128 

130 

133 

136 

139 

143 

147 

151 

155 

159 

162 

166 

169 

43 

121 

123 

125 

127 

129 

131 

134 

137 

140 

144 

148 

152 

156 

160 

163 

167 

170 

44 

122 

124 

126 

128 

130 

132 

135 

138 

141 

145 

149 

153 

157 

161 

164 

168 

171 

45 

122 

124 

126 

128 

130 

132 

135 

138 

141 

145 

149 

153 

157 

161 

164 

168 

171 

46 

123 

125 

127 

129 

131 

133 

136 

139 

142 

146 

150 

154 

158 

162 

165 

169 

172 

47' 

123 

125 

127 

129 

131 

133 

136 

139 

142 

146 

151 

155 

159 

163 

166 

170 

173 

48 

124 

126 

128 

130 

132 

134 

137 

140 

143 

147 

152 

156 

160 

164 

167 

171 

174 

49 

124 

126 

128 

130 

132 

134 

137 

140 

143 

147 

152 

156 

161 

165 

168 

172 

175 

50 

125 

127 

129 

131 

133 

135 

138 

141 

144 

148 

152 

156 

161 

165 

169 

173 

176 

51 

125 

127 

129 

131 

133 

135 

138 

141 

144 

148 

152 

157 

162 

166 

170 

174 

177 

52 

125 

127 

129 

131 

133 

135 

138 

141 

144 

148 

152 

157 

162 

166 

170 

174 

177 

53 

125 

127 

129 

131 

133 

135 

138 

141 

144 

148 

152 

157 

162 

166 

170 

174 

177 

54 

125 

127 

129 

131 

133 

135 

138 

141 

144 

148 

153 

158 

163 

167 

171 

174 

177 

55 

125 

127 

129 

131 

133 

135 

138 

141 

144 

148 

153 

158 

163 

167 

171 

174 

177  1 



JUVENILE  AND  ADUI/T  Bl   OjD.  21 

lation  that  increases  its  weight  at  a  much  faster  rate  than  indicated 
in  the  actuarial  tables  (fig.  3).  Consequently,  no  adjustment  is  made 
to  the  given  weights  of  the  children  whose  parents  are  Blender.  In 
the  case  where  one  parent  was  slender  and  one  fat,  the  adjustment  is 

still  made  in  the  build  of  all  the  children.  This  procedure,  undoubt- 
edly, introduces  an  error  which,  so  far  as  I  sec.  can  not  be  avoided. 
Baldwin  (1921,  p.  74)  states  that  "as  a  general  rule  heavy  children 
remain  relatively  heavy  during  the  period  studied";  and  his  develop- 
mental curves  of  individual  children  show  that  the  same  persistence 
of  the  juvenile  build  is  commonly  true  for  children  of  Blight  weight. 
It  is  striking  how  often  the  children  of  heavy  parents  will  be  heavy 
even  in  youth,  and  conversely,  children  of  exceptionally  great  weight 
are  apt  to  retain,  and  add  to,  their  build. 

Chambers  (1850,  pp.  139-143)  cites  the  following  cases  of  early 
familial  obesity:  A  boy  of  3  years  weighs  39.5  kg.  (87  pounds) ;  his  i; 
sisters  and  brothers  are  obese.  A  girl  of  5  years  5  months  weighs  89 
kg.  (196  pounds);  obesity  on  both  sides  of  the  house.  A  boy  of  16 
weighs  114  kg.  (252  pounds) ;  there  is  collateral  heredity. 

A  striking  case  of  early  obesity  persisting  to  maturity  is  that  of  Miss 
Allen  (plate  8). 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  often  strikingly  true  that  in  families  with 
a  tendency  to  fleshy  build  some  of  the  children  will  remain  slender 
until  20  or  25  years  and  then  begin  to  grow  fat.  The  metabolic 
changes  that  induce  fatness  first  appear  in  later  life. 


PART  II. 

MASS  STUDIES  IN  HEREDITY  OF  ADULT  BUILD. 

It  is  a  matter  of  common  observation  that  in  some  families  the 
parents  and  children  are  all  slender;  in  others,  there  may  be  many 
examples  of  obesity.  Worthington  (1877,  p.  50)  cites  a  number  of 
examples  from  C.  Bouchard.  A  woman  of  45  years  weighs  107  kg. 
(236  pounds);  her  obesity  began  shortly  after  marriage;  her  father 
is  very  obese  and  her  mother  obese.  A  woman  of  49  years,  whose 
father  is  a  Turk  and  whose  mother  is  French,  weighs  117  kg.  or  about 
258  pounds;  her  mother  was  obese.  A  woman  of  115  kg.  or  about 
250  pounds  has  an  obese  mother  and  two  sisters  who  were  obese  in 
infancy ;  also  a  gouty  mother's  father  and  father's  father. 

The  following,  from  Chambers  (1850),  show  obesity  "on  both  sides 
of  the  house":  Male  of  28  years,  120  kg.  (266  pounds);  woman  of 
48  years,  127  kg.  (280  pounds);  woman  of  52  years,  98.4  kg.  (217 
pounds) ;  man  of  57  years,  227  kg.  (500  pounds) ;  woman  of  58  years, 
104  kg.  (231  pounds):  woman  of  68  years,  118  kg.  (260  pounds); 
woman  of  70  years,  107  kg.  (238  pounds).  In  many  other  cases  cited 
by  Chambers,  one  parent  of  the  obese  patient  was  obese.  Howard 
(1908,  p.  54)  cites  the  case  of  a  7-year-old  girl,  45.5  inches  (115.6  cm.) 
tall,  who  weighed  40  kg.  (88  pounds),  had  a  pendulous  abdomen,  and 
was  feeble-minded.  Her  sibs  were  not  abnormal  and  her  parents 
were  of  average  build.  One  of  her  great  uncles  weighs  127  kg.  (280 
pounds),  an  uncle,  at  40  years,  about  109  kg.,  and  an  aunt  of  31  years. 
95  kg.  (210  pounds).  This  case  is  instructive  because  of  the  skipping 
of  a  generation. 

In  the  class  of  obese  cases  known  as  adiposis  dolorosa,  heredity  is 
usually  obvious.  Price  (1909)  cites  a  case  of  an  obese  woman  of  48 
years  and  weighing  140  kg.  (310  pounds)  who  belongs  to  a  fraternity 
of  7;  1  was  a  miscarriage,  2  died  young  of  accident,  1  died  at  22  of 
typho-pneumonia,  1  died  young  of  scarlet  fever,  and  1  brother  is 
large  and  rheumatic.  The  father  seems  to  have  been  of  average  build 
and  the  mother  is  stated  to  have  been  "very  thin."  Of  her  sibs,  6  were 
fleshy  or  very  fleshy,  1  medium,  and  1  slender;  the  children  of  these 
fleshy  sibs  of  the  mother  are  "all  stout." 

Lyon  (1910,  p.  68)  discusses  heredity  in  adiposis  dolorosa  and 
lipomatosis  and  cites  a  considerable  number  of  cases  of  family  recur- 
rence in  his  cases  and  others.  Thus  he  twice  treated  a  father  and  his 
son  for  multiple  fatty  tumors;  also  twice  a  mother  and  daughter. 
Lyon's  obese  case  No.  5  was  like  her  3  sisters  and  1  daughter;  a  son  of 
her  father's  brother  showed  similar  fatty  deposits.  10  other  instances 
of  family  recurrence  of  abnormal  fat  deposit  are  cited. 

22 


STATEMENT  OF   PROBLEM.  23 

Maranon  and  Bonilla  I  L920)  cite  the  ca»  of  a  girl  of  is  years  who 
was  slender,  like  her  parents,  until  after  an  attack  of  Byphilis,  when 
she  came  to  weigh  157  kg.  or  350  pounds,  while  her  height  was  160 
cm.,  her  chest-girth  130  cm.,  and  that  of  her  abdomen  L50  cm.  oi  90 
per  cent  of  her  height.  She  had  a  very  large  brother,  and  both 
mother's  parents  were  obese,  though  the  parents  were  not  known  to 
be  so. 

Such  examples  might  be  multiplied  indefinitely. 

Our  problem  is  not  what  arc  all  the  causes  of  this  diversity  <»t'  build, 
but  rather  in  how  far  do  genetical  factors  play  a  part  in  this  diversity. 
We  are  not  oblivious  to  the  fact  that  there  are  many  factors  responsi- 
ble for  the  result — deviation  from  the  average  build.  These  we  -hall 
consider  in  detail  in  a  later  section,  and  the  consideration  will  help 
us  to  see  the  limits  to  the  action  of  the  genetical  factors.  Before  going 
on  to  that,  we  shall  have  to  consider  more  in  detail  the  nature  of  the 
facts  for  which  an  explanation  has  to  be  sought. 

METHODS  AND  MATERIALS. 

The  method  of  analyzing  the  genetic  factors  in  build  is  that  of 
tabulating  the  distribution  of  aberrant  builds  in  the  family  network. 
There  is  required,  first,  a  large  mass  of  family  data  which  includes 
many  extreme  or  aberrant  types  of  build,  and  which  is  as  reliable  and 
as  accurately  quantitative  as  possible;  secondly,  this  has  to  be  sub- 
jected to  the  ordinary  methods  of  genetic  analysis. 

The  available  material  has  consisted  of  data  on  stature  and  weight 
given  in  the  Records  of  Family  Traits  which  constitute  a  fair  sample 
of  the  population;  and  of  quantitative  data  on  special  schedules 
giving  stature  and  weight  of  a  fraternity,  its  parents,  uncles  and 
aunts,  and  grand-parents.  These  special  schedules  had  been  mailed 
to  an  address  list  of  overweight  and  underweight  persons  obtained 
through  the  kind  cooperation  of  Mr.  Arthur  Hunter.  Those  who 
returned  the  schedules  showed  an  especial  appreciation  of  the  require- 
ments of  our  study.  A  third  source  wTas  the  A  file  of  the  Eugenics 
Record  Office,  where  are  gathered  miscellaneous  pedigrees  <»t  families 
showing  aberrancy  in  build.  A  fourth  and  especially  valuable  source 
was  the  field  work  of  Miss  Louise  A.  Nelson,  of  the  Eugenics  1!'  cord 
Office;  this  started  with  selected,  usually  obese,  cases. 

After  the  data  had  been  assembled  and  tabulated,  a  certain  amount 
of  correspondence  and  personal  visitation  was  undertaken  m  cider  to 
secure  a  confirmation  or  revision  of  the  records  in  hand.  In  some 
cases  this  brought  to  light  errors  in  the  records,  in  others  LSeful 
details.  Naturally,  it  was  not  possible  t<>  Becure  a  revision  of  all  of 
the  data  used,  but  an  attempt  was  made  to  select  only  records  that 
had  been  compiled  with  care  and  conscientiousness,  and  these  traits 
in  the  compiler  reveal  themselves  pretty  clearly  to  a  person  who  I 


24  MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

examined  thousands  of  these  records,  just  as  carelessness  is  revealed 
also  by  slipshod  speech  or  posture. 

For  our  study  we  desire  the  data  of  stature  and  weight  for  children, 
parents,  and  grand-parents.  With  some  exceptions  only  those  families 
are  studied  in  which  all  these  data  are  accurately  given.  Also,  only 
children  who  are  above  18  years  of  age  can  be  utilized,  because  stature 
changes  so  rapidly  until  that  age.  However,  since  it  is  build  and  not 
stature  we  are  studying,  the  fact  of  increase  of  stature  from  19  to  21 
years  of  age  affects  the  result  very  little.  Finally,  in  a  certain  propor- 
tion of  the  cases  the  stature  and  weight  of  all  of  the  grand-parents 
are  not  given  quantitatively.  Such  families  are  utilized,  nevertheless, 
with  such  quantitative  data  as  may  have  been  afforded. 

The  data  were  taken  from  the  Records  of  Family  Traits  by  Miss 
Miriam  Kortright,  who  long  assisted  in  our  statistical  work.  The 
computations  of  index  of  build  were  made  by  Miss  Kortright  and 
Mr.  William  Kraus,  Miss  Laura  Craytor,  and  Miss  Margaret  Andrus, 
who  checked  one  another's  work.  The  tabulation  and  seriations  of 
the  indices  were  done  by  Misses  Margaret  Babcock  and  Katharine 
Belzer. 

THE  ADULT  INDEX  OF  BUILD. 

In  an  earlier  section  of  this  paper  the  question  of  the  best  index  of 
build  has  been  discussed  generally.  It  was  pointed  out  that  many 
regard  it  as  a  truism  that  build  is  a  relation  of  volume  to  stature. 
Since  the  volume  of  a  person's  body  is  rarely  known,  and  it  is  difficult 
to  determine  it,  weight  has  been  substituted  for  volume.  However, 
this  substitution  assumes  that  specific  gravity  is  the  same  for  slender 
and  for  fat  persons;  but  this  is  not  at  all  the  case.  The  specific 
gravity  of  a  fat  person  is  about  that  of  water  (0.978  to  1.079  in  4 
children  7  to  13  years  of  age,  Meeh,  1879,  and  1.014  in  a  61-year-old 
man  of  98  km.  weight,  Mies,  1899) ;  of  a  thin  person  it  may  be  5  to  8 
per  cent  above  that  of  water  (1.049  to  1.082  for  thin  convicts,  Mies, 
1899).  This  variable  specific  gravity  complicates  the  attempt  to 
infer  volume  from  weight.  In  view  of  these  difficulties  it  were  better 
to  measure  build  by  a  relation  of  chest  diameter  (or  circumference) 
to  stature.  But  this  ratio  can  not  be  used  in  our  studies,  since  our 
data,  for  the  most  part,  give  only  weight  and  stature  and  not  chest- 
girth.  It  remains  thus  to  determine  the  closest  relation  between 
weight  and  chest-girth.  This  determination  I  have  attempted  to 
make  for  100  young  men,  20  to  25  years  of  age,  measured  at  Harvard 
University  where  they  were  students.  It  will  hardly  be  worth  while 
to  reproduce  the  detailed  tables  of  measurements  and  ratios,  but  they 
will  be  found  summarized  in  table  8.  In  this  table  is  given  the  fre- 
quency of  occurrence  of  each  of  the  different  ratios  (or  rather  classes 
of  ratios)  found  using  chest-girth  in  first,  second,  and  third  powers  as 


ADULT  INDEX   OF   Bl   ELD. 


25 


a  divisor.  If  weight  varied  exactly  with  the  chest-girth,  then  the 
ratio  of  the  former  to  the  latter  should  remain  constant.  Such  a  Btricl 
relation  is  hardly  to  be  expected  and,  of  course,  is  doI  found.  The 
ratios  obtained  show  a  certain  variability  aboul  the  mean  condition, 
and  this  variability  is  measured  by  the  standard  deviation.  Similarly, 
if  each  weight  be  divided  in  turn  by  the  second  and  third  powi 
stature,  and  the  corresponding  variability  of  the  ratios  be  considered, 
we  shall  have  a  method  of  deciding  whether  weighl  varies  more 
closely  with  the  first,  second,  or  third  power  of  chest-girth,  and  which 
of  those  powers  gives  in  its  fluctuations  the  best  measure  of  the  cor- 
responding fluctuations  in  weight. 

Table  8. —  Variability  of  weight  in  relation  to  the  second  and  third 

found  in  100  Harvard  students. 


[/,  frequency  of  occurrence  of  the 

given  index-class.] 

Weight 

Weighl 

Weight 

chest-girth 

chost-girth- 

chest-girth1 

/ 

/ 

/ 

610  to  619           1 

690  to  700 

1 

711  to    720 

1 

640       649           3 

711       720 

1 

761          77(i 

3 

660       669           2 

731       740 

1 

791         800 

3 

670       679           4 

741       750 

1 

sill             sm 

3 

680       689           6 

751       760 

5 

811         820 

3 

690       699           2 

761        770 

2 

821         830 

3 

700       709            7 

771       780 

4 

831         B40 

3 

710       719           6 

781       790 

11 

841         850 

5 

720       729           4 

791       800 

10 

s.m          860 

1 

730       739         10 

801       810 

7 

861         870 

in 

740       749           7 

811       820 

9 

871         880 

6 

750       759           7 

821       830 

8 

881         890 

8 

760       769           6 

831       840 

5 

891         BOO 

5 

770       779           4 

Ml       850 

3 

901         910 

5 

780       789           7 

851       860 

4 

911         920 

3 

790       799           5 

861       870 

9 

921         930 

2 

800       809           2 

871       880 

3 

931         940 

1 

810       819           3 

881       890 

4 

941         950 

1 

820       829           3 

891       900 

3 

951         960 

4 

830        S3!)             3 

901       910 

4 

961         970 

4 

S4I)       S49            4 

921       930 

2 

'.-71 

850       859            1 

951       960 

1 

981         990 

1 

870       879           1 

961        971) 

■> 

99]       1000 

900       909           1 

L001       1010 

•  • 

920       929           1 

1031       L040 
mil       1050 

Una        in7(i 
1111        1120 

1 

1 
•> 

1 

<r.  58.32 

<r,  51.50 

a.    7' 

A  comparison  of  the  standard  deviations  gives  the  following  results 
for  man : 

weight  weight  weight 

chest-girth*  chest-girth1 

51.5  77.0 


Ratio: 


chest-girth 
Standard  deviation:  58.3 


26  MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

From  these  results  the  conclusion  is  drawn  that  since  the  variability 
(standard  deviation)  of  weight ;-s-  chest-girth2  is  least,  the  square  of 
the  chest-girth  varies  more  closely  with  weight  than  either  the  first 
or  third  power  of  chest-girth ;  consequently  the  square  of  chest-girth 
is  the  best  measure  of  weight  of  the  three. 

By  hypothesis,  the  chest-girth  in  persons  of  the  same  build  varies 
very  closely  or  exactly  with  stature;  consequently  we  could  substitute 

of"  Q  "f"11  T»fi 

in  the  foregoing  ratios  for  chest   its  average   equivalent,  - — _ — , 

K 

in  which  K  is  nearly  2,  more  precisely  1.9.     In  any  case  it  is  thus 

clearly  deducible  that  a  better  index  of  build  is  got  by  dividing  weight 

by  the  square  of  stature  than  by  its  cube,  as  has  been  so  often  done. 

Accordingly,  the  ratio  of  weight  to  stature2  has  been  adopted  in  this 

paper  as  the  standard  index  of  build.    The  correlation  between  this 

index  of  build  and  relative  chest-girth  is  found  by  calculation  to  be 

about  0.45. 

In  any  scale  of  index  of  build  it  is,  of  course,  desirable  to  use  the 
metric  system.  Unfortunately,  most  of  our  data  are  in  English  units, 
so  that  our  indices  were  first  obtained  by  the  use  of  these  units.  We 
have  in  many  cases  transmuted  the  English  into  the  equivalent  metric 
measures.  We  have,  however,  retained  the  original  English  index, 
since  a  large  portion  of  the  more  cultured  part  of  the  world  uses  that 
system  in  daily  life.  A  table  to  facilitate  transmutation  is  also  given 
in  the  Appendix,  table  XVIII.  To  facilitate  the  determination  of  the 
index  of  build  when  stature  and  weight  (in  English  or  metric  units) 
are  known,  table  XVI  has  been  prepared  (pages  169,  170). 

To  avoid  decimals,  the  ratio,  weight  in  pounds  -4-  (stature  in 
inches)2  is  multiplied  in  this  book  by  1.000;  this  gives  a  series  of 
ratios  running  from  20  to  60  and  over.  To  avoid  confusion  with  the 
English  system,  the  metric  equivalents  are  taken  as  the  ratio  of 
weight  in  grams -^  (stature  in  centimeters)2.  This  gives  a  series  of 
index  numbers  of  the  order  1.5  to  4.0;  in  this  case,  at  least,  one  decimal 
is  always  expressed.  The  small  integral  figure  and  the  decimal  at 
once  indicate  that  the  index  is  from  metric  units.  Since  the  index  of 
build  has  often  been  expressed  as  the  ratio  of  weight  to,  respectively, 
stature,  stature2  5,  and  stature3,  table  XVII  has  been  prepared  to  per- 
mit these  ratios  to  be  transmuted  into  weight  -f-  stature2,  English 
system. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  BUILD. 

For  the  purposes  of  analysis,  it  was  found  necessary  to  make  a 
small  number  of  classes  of  build.  To  decide  upon  the  limits  of  these 
classes,  a  polygon  of  frequency  of  all  indices  of  build  was  made,  as 
shown  in  figure  7.    It  appeared  plain  at  the  outset  that  it  is  desirable 


CLASSI1  K'ATION    OF    HI   II. I). 


27 


to  plot  the  data  in  this  polygon  by  using  as  abscissse  the  Logarithms 

of  the  index  of  build  rather  than  the  absolute  indices,  Bince  the 
range  of  weight  above  the  mode  is.  for  obvious  reasons,  very  much 
greater  than  below  the  mode.  Taking  mean  weight  at  tis  k'_r..  or  150 
pounds,  the  minimum  weight  is  about  20  kg.  (45  pounds),  or  _'.")  kg. 
(55  pounds)  below  the  mean,  and  the  maximum  weight  is  about 
150  kg.  (330  pounds),  or  182  kg.  (400  pounds)  above  the  mean.    That 


INDICES  Cs 
Of  BUILD  ui 


l-~        CO       Ol 


fNJ      Cii  Ci  £2  «  S^ 

LO  to 

r*      r~  co  <D  O  o 

— :      —  -  -  oj  c\i 


a 


S3 


±n    to    r-    oO    O)   O   -   w  <^  tj  in  toPSJi 


cm     cm    n    ^     *5    i/i    (or^-    n  oo  o>  So-  -rjpi" 

cm"     cm    cm'    cm    cm    cm    cm    cm    «\i  ro  csic^firofncidnron 


nm^ni*. 


|  VERY  SLENDER  |  SLENDER  |  MEDIUM  FLESHY  VERY  FLESHY 

Fig.  7. — Polygon  of  frequency  of  the  various  indices  of  build  (weight   :  stature1).     Prom  last 

column  of  table  12,  with  slight  modifications. 

is,  the  range  of  weight  classes  is  three  times  as  great  abi  below 

the  mean.  Plotting  data  in  logarithmic  fashion,  as  shown  in  figun  7 
it  appears  that  the  modal  index  of  build  is  2.3  (33).  The  range  is 
from  1.4  (20)  to  4.5  (64).  Using  the  logarithms  of  abscissa1,  t In- 
curve is  more  nearly  a  symmetrical  one.  It  is  more  irregular  above 
than  below  the  mode,  because  the  classes  are  more  numerous  and  the 
frequency  of  each  class  smaller.  The  presence  of  two  mod< 
gestive  of  the  hypothesis  that  the  medium  class  and  probably  the 
fleshy  classes  are  not  strictly  homogeneous,  but,  on  the  contrary,  coin- 
prise  groups  of  individuals  whose  build  is  due  to  dissimilar  factors,  Of 
sets  of  factors. 


Table  9. — The  five  standard  classes  of  build;  limits  and  middle  point 


Class. 

Range  <>f  int li- 

Metric. 

iah. 

i     . 

Very  slender  (V.  S.) 

1  i.i  to  1   sii                 _'n      U>26.4 
1.8]         2    1  1 

2  15       2  66 
2   ".7       3  06 

21 

4i' 

i-  0 

M;< ■liuni  (M.I 

Fleshy  (F.) 

Very  fleshy  (V.  F.) 

3  .  06       4  50+ 

B      M 

28  MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

To  derive  the  desired  classes  from  figure  7,  the  polygon  was  some- 
what arbitrarily  divided  into  five  parts,  as  indicated.  Taking  33.5 
as  a  starting-point,  an  equal  logarithmic  distance  was  laid  off,  above 
and  below  this  point,  on  the  base-line.  This  was  taken  as  the  range 
of  middle  class.  An  equal  logarithmic  range  was  accorded  the  classes 
next  above  and  below  the  median  respectively.  All  of  the  remainders 
were  thrown  into  the  extreme  classes  to  which  are  given,  thus,  a 
somewhat  greater  range  than  the  interior  classes.  This  seemed  desira- 
ble, since  their  frequencies  were  so  low.  The  adjusted  classes  finally 
adopted  are  as  shown  in  table  9. 

SIGNIFICANCE  OF  VARIATIONS  IN  BUILD. 

What  is  the  meaning  of  the  great  variations  of  build  described  in 
the  preceding  paragraph?  What  is  known  in  this  matter  may  here  be 
briefly  summarized  that  it  may  be  held  in  mind  in  considering  the 
numerous  cases  to  which  we  shall  have  occasion  to  refer. 

In  general,  it  may  be  stated  that  variations  in  build  are  due  to 
endogenous  causes  and  exogenous  causes.  In  this  book  we  shall  have 
occasion  to  examine  especially  the  former — the  constitutional  or 
hereditary  factors.  These  include  idiosyncrasies  of  metabolism,  in 
part  controlled  by  peculiarities  in  the  functioning  of  the  endocrine 
glands;  in  part,  probably,  by  even  finer  protoplasmic  differences. 
Thus  it  is  known  that  the  thyroid  gland  greatly  influences  metabolism; 
its  activity  in  growing  children  tends  to  produce  tall  and  slender 
form.  On  the  other  hand,  deficiency  in  its  activity  in  childhood  leads 
to  the  type  of  obesity  known  as  cretinism,  and  in  middle  life  to 
myxedema.  The  secretions  of  the  pituitary  gland  cooperate  with  the 
thyroid  in  stimulating  growth,  especially  in  the  preadolescent  stage. 
When  pituitary  secretions  are  deficient  there  frequently  results,  it  is 
believed,  the  adiposogenital  syndrome,  in  which  great  masses  of  fat 
are  deposited  on  breasts,  abdomen,  hips,  and  buttocks,  and  the  gonads 
remain  infantile.  A  case  that  quite  certainly  belongs  to  this  cate- 
gory is  shown  by  Beck  (1922,  p.  881)  and  reproduced  in  plate  8, 
figures  3,  4,  5 ;  3  of  this  man's  4  sibs  are  fleshy  and  have  scant  beards. 
This  is  quite  like  our  standard  very  fleshy  case  (plate  2,  fig.  5).  See, 
also,  the  extreme  cases  falling  under  this  category  described  by  Lyon, 
1910. 

Lesions  of  the  pineal  gland  (Beck,  1922,  p.  909)  and  of  the  gonads 
are  stated  in  some  cases  to  induce  obesity.  Certain  it  is  that,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  activity  of  the  gonads  tends  to  slow  up  growth  in 
stature  and  to  increase  the  chest  circumference  (plate  6),  and  this 
change  is  more  marked  in  the  male  than  the  female. 

The  exogenous  causes  of  build  are  striking,  so  much  so  that  many 
physiologists  seem  to  accept  the  hypothesis  that  they  are  of  sole 
importance,  that  excess  of  fat  is  due  merely  to  excess  of  calories 
ingested  over  those  concerned  in  bodily  activity.    While  no  one  will 


SIGNIFICANCE   OF   VARIATION    IN    BllU). 


deny  the  possibility  of  starving  most  fleshy  persona  thin  or  of  incn 
ing  the  weight  of  most  adults  by  an  excess  of  food,  ye\  it  i-  also 
obvious  that  two  persons  of  the  same  stature  and  fed  equal  amounts 
of  similar  food  may  come  to  differ  enormously,  due  to  interna]  con- 
ditions, sometimes  of  glandular  origin  and  sometimes  dependent  upon, 
or  at  least  associated  with,  disease. 

DISEASES  IN  RELATION  TO  Bl  I  LI). 

As  just  stated,  it  is  frequently  true  that  build  is  influenced  perma- 
nently by  disease.  To  test  the  influence  of  disease  on.  or  association 
of  diseases  with,  different  types  of  build,  a  tabulation  was  made  of 
the  diseases  recorded   (in  the  Records  of  Family  Traits.   Eugenics 

Table  10— Incidence  of  disease  in  relation  t»  build. 


Diagnosis  of  disease. 

In  10,000  of  stand- 
ard population. 

[a  persona  of 
selected  build. 

1. 

No. 
of 

cases. 

Per  cent 
afflicted. 

:;. 

No. 

of 

cases 

4. 
Per  oent  afflicted 
in  (i'.l   V.  8.   pop- 
ulation. 

6 
i:  itio   of 

(■.il.      1     to 

col.  •-*. 

Vert  Slender  Build. 

YOUTH. 

Influenza 

Tuberculosis 

7 
24 

48 

10 

L30 

58 

0  "7 
.24 

I'- 
ll' 

1.30 

58 

2 
2 

:; 

2 

6 

•j 

2  Bl 
2  Bl 

1 

2  81 
_'  Bl 

10  1 1 

11  70 

-    in 
J 

Colds 

MIDDLE    AGE. 

Melancholia 

Nervousness 

Tuberculosis 

Slender  Build. 

youth. 
Fo\'ers 

4 

10 

28 

11 

•_'4 

104 

53 

165 

71 

117 

150 

281 

:{ 

i 

23 

68 

94 

139 

138 

ii  04 

.10 

28 

11 

24 

1   04 
53 

1  65 
71 

1    17 

1  60 

2  81 
2  63 

03 

04 

68 

94 

1      1 
1   38 

1 

9 
13 
6 
Hi 
30 
12 
34 
15 
16 
19 
29 
25 

■ » 
•  • 

9 

16 
22 

Per  cent  afflicted 
in  737  S.  popu- 
lation. 

n  542 

1   22 

1   76 

ON 

l  36 
1   n7 

1  62 
t  61 

2  0 
2   17 
2  57 

Hi7 

«o7 

1       J  JO 

00 
0  10 

170 

13  66 

12  -•'» 
28 

0  16 

A   91 

:< 
I 

:t 

1  - 

1    71 

1    1 
1       i 

1  1 

10   17 

:. 

14 

16 

i    M 

l   67 

Adenoids 

Appendicitis 

Anemia 

Tuberculosis 

Bronchitis 

Pneumonia 

Nervous  breakdown                     .  .  .  . 

Rheumatism 

Diphthoria 

Scarlet  Fever 

Typhoid  fevor .  .  . 

MIDDLE     AUK. 

Anemia 

Intestinal  trouble. 

Appendicitis.  . 

Heart  disease 

Pneumonia 

Typhoid  fever 

30 


MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


Table  10— Incidence  of  disease  in  relation  to  build — Continued. 


Diagnosis  of  disease. 

In  10,000  of  stand- 
ard population. 

In  persons  of 
selected  build. 

1. 

No. 

of 

cases. 

2. 
Per  cent 
afflicted. 

3. 
No. 

of 
cases. 

4. 
Per  cent  afflicted 
in  543  F.  popu- 
lation. 

5. 
Ratio    of 
col.    4    to 
col.  2. 

Fleshy  Build. 

YOUTH. 

Adenoids 

10 
281 
253 
165 

0.10 
2.81 
2.53 
1.65 

3 
36 

28 
17 

0.553 
6.642 
5.166 
3.136 

55.30 
2.36 
2.04 
1.90 

Scarlet  fever 

Tvphoid  fever 

Pneumonia 

MIDDLE    AGE. 

Hernia 

8 
9 
10 
10 
23 
6 
13 
16 
49 
94 
22 
27 
18 
38 
31 
51 

139 
43 

138 
74 

349 

0.08 
.09 
.10 
.10 
.23 
.06 
.13 
.16 
.49 
.94 
.22 
.27 
.18 
.38 
.31 
.51 

1  39 
.43 

1.38 
.74 

3.49 

■7 
1 

6 

6 

6 

12 

3 

5 

6 

18 

34 

8 

S 

5 

9 

7 

10 

27 

8 

22 

11 

37 

Per  cent  afflicted 
in  542   F.  indi- 
viduals. 

1.29 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

2.22 

0.55 

0.92 

1.10 

3.38 

6.28 

1.47 

1.47 

0.92 

1.66 

1.29 

1.84 

4.98 

1.47 

4.06 

2.03 

6.82 

16.00 
12.22 
11.00 
11.00 
9.65 
9.17 
7.11 
6.88 
6.80 
6.69 
6.68 
5.44 
5.13 
4.37 
4.16 
3.61 
3.58 
3.42 
2.95 
2.74 
1.95 

Arterio-sclerosis 

Bladder    trouble 

Measles 

Appendicitis 

Eczema 

Hemorrhoids 

Liver  trouble 

Paralvsis 

Heart  trouble 

Gallstones 

Apoplexy 

Tumor 

Erysipelas 

Cancer 

Pneumonia 

Malaria 

Typhoid  fever 

Kidnev  trouble 

Rheumatism 

Very  Fleshy  Build, 
youth. 
Pneumonia 

165 

14 

15 

37 

74 

51 

94 
139 

43 
138 
349 

1.65 

0.14 
.15 
.37 
.74 
.51 
.94 

1.39 
.43 

1.38 

3.49 

7 

3 
3 
5 

8 
4 
6 

8 
2 

6 
10 

Per  cent  afflicted 
in  103  V.  F.  popu- 
lation. 
6.79 

2.91 
2.91 
4.85 
7.76 
3.88 
5.S2 
7.76 
1.94 
5.82 
9.70 

4.115 

20.80 
19.40 
11.40 
10.60 

7.61 

6.20 

5.6 

4.5 

4.2 

2.8 

middle  age. 
Dropsy 

Stomach  trouble 

Apoplexy 

Kidney  trouble 

Heart  disease. . .  . 

Pneumonia 

Malaria 

Tvphoid  fever 

Rheumatism 

Very  slender  build:  A.  Youth;  expectation  for  cases  of  measles,  2;  found,  none. 

Slender  build:  A.  Youth;  expectation  for  cases  of  whooping-cough,  7;  chicken-pox,  4;  colds,  4, 
croup,  3.  Cases  found,  none.  B.  Middle  Age;  expectation  for  cases  of  eye  trouble,  30,  erysipelas, 
24,  tonsillitis,  23,  and  apoplexy,  21.     Cases  found,  none. 

Fleshy  build:  A.  Youth;  expectation  for  cases  of  ear  trouble,  19,  lung  trouble,  18.  Cases 
found,  none.     B.   Middle  age;  expectation  for  cases  of  throat  trouble,  5.     Cases  found,   none. 


DISEASES  AND  Bill.!).  31 

Record  Office)  as  occurring  during  youth  and  during  middle  age  in 
10,000  fairly  well  described  persons.     This  constituted  the  control. 

Then  there  was  determined  for  our  groups  of  very  Blender,  Blender, 
fleshy,  and  very  fleshy,  the  incidence  of  disease.  The  ratio  of  the  per- 
centage incidence  of  the  latter  to  the  former  was  then  calculated. 
In  table  10  is  given  in  sum  many  of  the  results  found  for  i  he  principal 
diseases.    This  table  may  now  be  briefly  discussed. 

Persons  of  very  slender  build  are  characterized  in  youth  by  an 
excess  of  respiratory  diseases — influenza,  tuberculosis,  and  colds.  In 
middle  age  they  show  an  excess  of  melancholia,  nervousness,  and 
tuberculosis. 

In  737  persons  of  slender  build  there  are  found  in  youth  many  dis- 
eases in  excess  of  normal  incidence.  These  comprise  diseases  of  the 
respiratory  tract — tuberculosis,  tonsillitis,  bronchitis,  pneumonia:  BOme 
nervous  diseases,  "nervous  breakdown";  various  general  infections, 
such  as  "fevers,"  appendicitis,  anemia,  "rheumatism,"  diphtheria, 
scarlet  and  typhoid  fevers.  One  might  conclude  that  slender  youth 
are  relatively  nonresistant  to  infections.  In  slender  persons  there  is 
found  in  middle  age  an  excess  of  tuberculosis  and  pneumonia,  much 
appendicitis  and  intestinal  trouble,  and  (as  also  in  youth  I  anemia. 

These  associations  of  slender  build  and  disease  are  not  alwa 
to  interpret.    The  common  idea  of  the  tubercular  diathesis  compi 
slender  form.    On  the  other  hand,  a  person  who  has,  or  has  recovi 
from,  active  pulmonary  tuberculosis  is  apt  to  remain  underweight, 
partly  because  the  respiratory  apparatus  is  damaged.     The  associa- 
tion of  "nervousness"  with  slenderness  is  probably  due  to  the  double 
effect  of  some  glandular  dystrophy,  as,  for  example,  of  the  thyroid 
gland.     Hyperthyroid  individuals  are  usually  tall,  slender,  and  "ner- 
vous" or  irritable. 

In  103  persons  of  very  fleshy  build,  the  only  outstanding  disease  of 
youth  is  pneumonia.  In  middle  age  occur  "kidney  trouble."  "dropsy" 
(which  often  accompanies  chronic  nephritis),  and  apoplexy,  which  is 
sometimes  caused  by  extra  pressure  on  the  blood-vessels  resulting 
from  impeded  elimination  from  the  kidney  or  to  a  diabetic  tendency 
which  puts  extra  work  on  the  vessels.  'Heart  disease"  is  also  com- 
moner than  usual. 

In  iA'l  persons  of  fleshy  build,  "bladder  trouble"  (probably  includ- 
ing diabetes)   and  kidney  trouble  are  exceptionally   frequent,  also 
arterio-sclerosis  and   its  accompaniments,   apoplexy   and   paralysis 
Hernia  is  frequent,  as  are  various  diseases  of  the  digestive  tract,  such 
as  appendicitis,   hemorrhoids,   liver   trouble,   and   gallstoni  B.      Th< 
are  doubtless  not  the  cause  of,  but  a  consequence  or  concomitant 
overweight.     Sibilant  bronchitis,  lithiasis  (uric  and  biliarci.  and  dia- 
betes mellitus  are  mentioned,  in  addition  to  the  above,  by   li< 
(1920,  p.  31)  as  especially  apl  to  be  as        ited  with  obesity. 


32 


MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


Table  11  —Distribution  of  progeny  of  the  different  matings  according  to  index  of  buHd;  males 

and  females  tabulated  separately. 

[From  Appendix  tables,  omitting  starred  families.] 


2 

Distribution  of  male  progeny. 

Index  of  bu 
(English) 

co 
XM 

> 

3 

> 

fa 
X> 

CO"-1 

> 

CO>_ 

xi> 

CO 

x> 

02 

fa  fH 
>— 1 

CO  ^ 

fa 

CO 

3 

2 

fa 

fa 

x* 
2 

fa  HH 
1— 1 

fa^ 

fa 
>> 

fa 

fa 
> 

fa* 
> 

"3 
o 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

79 
103 

<? 

9 

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

l 

4 

2 

11 

9 

18 

39 

48 

94 

107 

83 

102 

77 

60 

62 

53 

35 

24 

21 

19 

7 

12 
7 

10 
3 
1 
4 
5 
0 
5 
1 
0 
0 
0 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

7 
5 
4 
5 
2 
3 
2 

1 
1 

3 

13 

10 

18 

23 

16 

25 

25 

8 

10 

8 

6 

4 

1 

3 

l 

3 

8 

17 

21 

23 

17 

24 

14 

12 

9 

6 

4 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

5 

7 

13 

14 

8 

4 

10 

9 

4 

2 

1 

2 
2 

1 

1 

2 
1 

2 
2 

1 
2 

1 

2 

5 
1 

1 

1 

2 

7 

6 

25 

26 

21 

20 

20 

14 

16 

5 

6 

10 

5 

2 

1 
2 

2 

l 
l 

2 
3 
4 
3 
8 
1 
5 
3 
9 
5 

1 

1 
1 
4 
2 

2 
1 
2 
4 
3 
4 
8 
9 
6 
9 
7 
4 
1 
4 
3 

2 

4 

1 

1 

4 
7 
3 
5 
2 
1 
3 
7 
5 
2 

6 
4 
2 

2 
2 

1 

3 
1 
1 

2 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
2 
1 
2 

2 
2 

2 

2 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 
2 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

2 
1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 
1 

5 
6 

11 
17 

12 
13 

29 

18 

172 

134 

88 
67 

23 

11 

178 
149 

194 
146 

59 
53 

77 
79 

57 
43 

21 
9 

926 
745 

Total 

& 
and  9 

11 

28 

25 

47 

306 

155 

34 

327 

340 

112 

156 

100 

30 

1671 

Avg.  a",  35.81  ±0.12  6   <?,  5.325  ±  0.084 


HEREDITY. 


Table  11a.— Distribution  of  prom  ny  of  the  different  maHngt  according  t>>  index  of  build;  i 

andfemalee  tabulated  separately— Continm  d 


[From  Appendix  tables,  omitting  i 

tarred  fam 

lies.] 

Index  of  build 
(English) 

Distribution  of  female  progeny. 

o» 

— 
c 
1 

- 

- 

CO1-1 

> 

> 

ft, 
x> 

DC  M 
> 

0Q 

•^  i— ( 

x> 

i— i 

'id   1—l 

— 
X> 

1st 

Xh 
02 

s 

2 

fa 

— 

- 

-- 

X* 

- 

- 
>> 

- 
> 

> 

o» 

1 

o 
H 

22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
68 
79 
103 

i 

1 

J 

2 
0 

14 
13 

21 
41 
47 
71 
65 
71 
1 

65 
42 
31 

23 

14 
21 
10 

11 

8 

<■ 
2 
1 

2 
2 
2 

1 

2 

2 

0 

12 

16 

.'4 

69 

-' 
ll" 
159 
17s 

14a 
154 

142 
102 

7'.. 

38 
42 
28 
18 

12 
16 

6 

7 
6 

7 
- 

t, 
1 

0 
1 
0 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 
2 

1 
2 

3 
3 

4 

1 
2 
1 
1 
2 

3 

2 

11 

10 

10 

22 

18 

12 

9 

10 

7 

3 

2 

2 

:i 
2 

1 
2 

1 
2 

1 

1 

3 

1 
1 
5 
6 
8 
2 
11 
4 
2 
2 
3 
5 
5 
1 
1 
3 
1 
1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

i 

i 

l 

1 

2 
2 

1 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

3 

1 

7 

10 

15 

12 

14 

12 

9 

19 

14 

7 

10 

3 

5 

2 

l 

4 
5 

9 

9 

15 

20 

13 

13 

20 

8 

7 

5 

6 

1 

2 

1 
2 

1 
2 

•  > 

2 
4 
6 
4 

'.» 
4 
2 

4 
2 
2 

2 

J 

2 
1 

1 
1 

1 

2 
6 

:i 
2 

2 
1 
8 
9 

s 
7 

2 

6 

2 
7 
.i 
8 

1 
2 

1 
1 

1 

i 

2 
4 

1 
4 

2 
3 
2 
2 

2 
3 

4 

2 
.-. 

: 

i 

3 

1 
1 
3 
1 

2 
1 

1 
1 

2 

1 

! 

l 
i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

■  •  •  • 

1 

1 

1 

■  •  •  • 

' 

I 

1 

1 



6 

17 

13 

18 

134 

67 

11 

149 

140 

43 

t,   m;i 

Avg.   9  .  34.54  ±0.17  S.  D.  9 ,  5.133  ±  0.089 

The  one  clear  conclusion  from  this  study  is  ilia!  no  MH2.lt*  diai 
and  no  special  single  collection  of  disease-  i-  exclusively  responsible 
for  exceptionally  slender  or  except  idiiallv  fleshy  build.  The  variation! 
in  build  are  due  primarily  rather  to  various  idiosyncrasies  of  develop- 
ment and  metabolism  which  have  largely  an  hereditary  basis,  upon 
which  may  be  superimposed  modifications  by  various  types  of  dig)  :i-» 


34 


MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


00 

ca 

.O 

O 

H 

8 

S. 
R. 

""* 

S 

o 

«J 
oo 

e 

-© 


O 


00 

H 


-T3 


H   5 
8^ 

e 

s~ 

II 
11 

_  © 
to 

©5 

e 


8 


8 
<» 

S3S 
© 

fa. 

8 

5 
•^ 

8 


CN 


K 

►J 

< 


"3 

c 

CO 

o 

CO   Tf   O   C5  CO 

h  N  M  O  X 

o  o>  x  co  •*  ci 

CM   CO  05  X 
OOIMO 
r-H 

> 

X 

fa 
> 

X 

fa 
> 

t>. 

CJ  ■*  ^H  CO  CM  CM 

?— ( 

•  CM  CM 

> 

rH 

X 

fa 
>■ 

X 

r_ 

o 
co 

C5 
CM 

•     r-H 

OJ 

■*  to  a  c  qc  o 

CO  X  X  CO 

X 

fa 

X 

fa 

CM 

05 

CO 

CO 

CO 

fH 

CM  X  Tfl 

T}<   CO   Tt<   CM   t>  t^ 

i— 1    r-i    ^H 

CO    r-l    t^    O 

1— ( 

X 

fa 
> 

X 

o 

o 

CO 

■  CM 

FH 

CO  CO 

CD  05  X  CM  CM  CO 

O!    U)    H    K) 
t— » 

i— i 

X 

fa 

X 

CO 

CO 

■* 

i—i 

•*  N.  CO 

iO  O  CO  tH  CO  O 

H    fl1    <t    fj    K    t 

oi  co  o  ^i 

CM    CM    ~    rH 

X 

X 

2 

CM 

CO 
CO 

CM 

05 

CM 

•*  CM  O  CO 
—  CM 

il)   O  N  X   *  * 
CM   CO   CO   M   CO   ■* 

CI  1-  X  05 

CM    rH    rH 

X 

rv 
> 

X 

CO 

05 

1-H 

HHN 

M*«OHNH 

CM  CO  i<3  CM 

M 
>-* 

> 

fa 

X 

CO 

CO 

^ 

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5 
- 


36  MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

MASS  STUDY  OF  VARIATION  AND  HEREDITY  IN  RUILD. 

Having  considered  the  classification  and  something  of  the  causes 
of  variation  in  build,  we  have  now  to  consider  the  relation  between 
the  build  of  the  parents  and  that  of  the  progeny.  This  is  the  mass 
treatment  of  the  data  of  "heredity"  which  was  the  prevailing  method 
25  years  ago  and  earlier.  It  is  still  a  useful  method  in  the  case  of 
traits  due  to  multiple  factors,  such  as  the  present  one. 

The  distribution  of  build  in  the  children  of  the  different  matings 
is  given  in  tables  11,  11a,  and  12.  There  are  15  possible  different  com- 
binations of  matings  of  the  five  grades.  The  first  of  these  (VS  X  VS) 
is  not  represented  in  our  data,  and  the  fifth,  VS  X  VF,  is  represented 
by  only  one  mating  and  no  column  is  devoted  to  it.  The  frequencies 
are  given  separately  for  male  and  female  offspring  (table  11),  and 
again  for  both  sexes  together  (table  12).  Table  13  shows  that  there 
is  a  considerable  correlation  between  the  average  build  of  the  parent- 
age and  that  of  the  progeny.  From  the  matings  of  the  fleshier  parents 
the  progeny  are  fleshier;  from  those  of  slender  parents,  slenderer. 
This  relation  may  conceivably  be  due  to  family  tradition  handed  down 
from  parents  to  children.  We  shall  see  later  that  this  hypothesis 
meets  with  formidable  difficulties  to  acceptance.  The  most  reason- 
able hypothesis  is  that  there  are,  above  all,  hereditary  family  tend- 
encies that  help  determine  build. 

Comparing  the  tables  for  male  and  female  offspring,  it  appears, 
first,  that  there  are,  for  some  reason,  more  males  than  females  about 
whom  data  of  build  are  given,  probably  because  more  males  than 
females  know  their  stature  and  weight,  or  willingly  record  it ;  second, 
there  are  relatively  more  females  than  males  of  very  slender  build 
(grades  22  to  31) ;  there  are  recorded  relatively  more  very  fleshy  males 
than  females  (grades  of  50  and  above) ;  third,  there  are  relatively 
more  recorded  daughters  than  sons  derived  from  one  very  slender 
parent,  and  from  the  F  X  F  and  M  X  M  matings.  The  male  progeny 
are  more  variable  than  the  female  as  5.325  ±  0.084  is  to  5.133  ±  0.089; 
but  the  difference  is  less  than  three  times  the  probable  error,  and  is, 
consequently,  not  very  significant. 

Considering  next  the  table  of  total  progeny  of  the  various  matings, 
it  appears  that  the  average  number  of  children  with  recorded  build 
from  the  recorded  matings  is  variable.  In  descending  order  the 
fecundity  of  the  matings  is  shown  in  table  14.  This  table  shows  that 
larger  families,  on  the  average,  were  derived  from  fleshy  parents  than 
from  slender  parents.  Thus  the  F  X  F  matings  yield  2.3  times  as 
many  children,  on  the  average,  per  mating  as  the  S  X  S  matings. 


keorkssion. 


37 


REGRESSION  OF  PROGENY   TOWARD  MEDIOCRITY. 

Galton  pointed  out,  in  the  case  of  stature,  that,  since  correlation 
between  parents  and  progeny  is  not  perfect,  the  progeny  of  selected 

parents  will  tend  to  be  less  extremely  selected  and  hence  more  nearly 
mediocre  than  their  parents.  It  has,  indeed,  been  shown  in  my  Btudiee 
on  stature  (1917,  p.  341 )  that  the  progeny  of  tall  parents  do  do!  shew 
this  regression  to  mediocrity  as  much  as  the  progeny  of  short  parents. 
This  was  regarded  as  evidence  that  the  gametes  of  tall  parents  carried 
fewer  recessive  allelomorphs  than  those  of  short  parents;  hence  were 
genetically  ''purer"  and  comprise  more  recessive  factors.  What  is  the 
condition  in  respect  to  the  varying  indices  of  build? 

Table  13. — Distribution  of  progeny  of  the  various  matings,  according  t<>  classes  of  build, 
absolute  numbers,  and  proportions,  based  on  Appendix  table,  including  starred  f am 


Type  of  mating. 

Total  No. 
of  children. 

1 
Absolute  numbers.             Proportional  frequence 

(per  nulla). 

VS. 

S. 

M. 

F. 

\  1 

va 

s. 

M. 

F. 

\  1 

No.      11      VS  x  S 

III  VS  x  M 

IV  VS  x  F 
VI        Sx  S 

VII        S  x  M 
VIII        SxF 
IX         S  x  VF 
X      M  x  M 
XI      M  x  F 
XII      M  x  VF 
XIII        FxF 
XXV        FxVF 
XV     VF  x  VF 

Total 

20 

28 

25 

51 

313 

170 

50 

332 

346 

112 

159 

1  If. 

37 

4 

1 
1 
5 

5 
2 

2 
1 

12 

7 

5 

35 

49 

25 

7 

40 

31 

7 

15 

7 

2 

17 

10 

11 

200 

85 

18 

201 

210 

50 

62 

52 

12 

2 
3 

7 

2 

200 
■AC, 
40 
98 

28 

6 

is 

7 

600 

250 

200 

est; 

I. -.: 

140 

140 

121 

90 

63 

94 

IS 

100 
i,ii7 
400 
215 
639 
475 
360 
605 
111  10 

446 
390 

too 

100 

Ki7 

280 

30 

53 
57 
17 
82 

S.N 

36 
61 
51 

s 

11 

7 
8 
7 
17 
17 
21 
35 
10 

169        35 
318       39 
340      160 

247         21 
l-.i 

19       Jin 

'1,7 

1798 

Table  14. — Average  number  of  progi  ny  yielded  '>.'/  melt 
type  of  muting  (basal  on  table  IS). 


Mating. 

No.  of 
children. 

Mating. 

No.  -f 
children. 

VS  x  F 

:.  00 

-  <  F 

3  16 

FxF 

4.72 

-        Y  1 

09 

VFx  VF 

4  29 

-        M 

3  <>.< 

M  X  VF 

3  7(i 

M    <  F 

.'  98 

MX  M 

3  55 

VS  x  s 

2   77. 

VS  x  M 

3  50 

-       - 

2    1 

F  x  VF 

3   •!.". 

The  answer  to  this  question  is  given  in  table  15,  which  in  turn  is 
based  on  table  12.  This  table  shows  for  each  of  the  IS  matings  t In- 
average  departure  of  the  parents  from  mediocre  build  (which  for  the 


38 


MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


parents  is  34.86)  and  the  corresponding  departure  of  their  offspring 
from  mediocre  build  (which  for  the  progeny  is  35.24).  In  the  right- 
hand  column  of  the  table  is  given  the  difference  between  these  two 
departures,  which  measures  the  amount  of  regression  toward  medi- 
ocrity on  the  part  of  the  progeny.  The  results  of  the  last  column  are 
shown  graphically  in  figure  8. 

Table  15. — Average  build  and  regression  from  parental  average  of  the  progeny  of  the  various 
types  of  mating.  Also  matings  arranged  in  order  of  regression.  Sexes  combined 
(based  on  table  12). 


Departure 

Departure 

Type  of 

No.  of 

No.  of 

Avg.  build 

Avg.  build 

of  parents 

of  progeny 

Regression. 

mating. 

matings. 

progeny. 

of  parents. 

of  progeny. 

from 

from 

mediocrity. 

mediocrity. 

VSx  s 

4 

11 

26.13 

28.55  ± 

.86 

-    8.73 

-  6.69 

+  2.04 

VS  X  M 

8 

28 

28.38 

32.18  ± 

.54 

-    6.48 

-  3.06 

+  3.42 

VSx  F 

5 

25 

32.00 

35.04  ± 

.83 

-    2.86 

-  0.20 

+  2.66 

SxS 

23 

47 

29.77 

28.47  ± 

.24 

-    5.09 

-  6.77 

-  1.68 

Sx  M 

101 

306 

30.90 

34.01  ± 

.16 

-    3.96 

-  1.23 

+  2.73 

Sx  F 

49 

155 

33.85 

34.39  ± 

.22 

-     1.01 

-  0.85 

+  0.16 

Sx  VF 

11 

34 

37.91 

35.48  ± 

.51 

+    3.05 

+  0.24 

+  2.81 

M  X  M 

92 

327 

33.23 

34.79  ± 

.15 

-     1.63 

-  0.45 

+  1.18 

MX  F 

114 

340 

36.45 

35.41  ± 

.16 

+    1.59 

+  0.17 

+  1.42 

M  x  VF 

30 

112 

40.68 

36 . 53  ± 

.38 

+    5.82 

+  1.29 

+  4.53 

Fx  F 

33 

156 

39.21 

37.56  ± 

.29 

+    4.35 

+  2.32 

+  2.03 

Fx  VF 

30 

100 

42.97 

38.49  ± 

.36 

+  8.11 

+  3.25 

+  4.86 

VF  X  VF 

Total... 

7 

30 

47.43 

39.20  ± 

.78 

+  12.57 

+  3.96 

+  8.61 

507 

1671 

34.86 

35 .  24 

Mediocrity  for  parents,  34.86.  Mediocrity  for  progeny,  35.24.. 

Matings  Arranged  in  Order  of  Regression. 


SxS    -  1 .  68 

F  X  F     +  2 .  03 

VS  x  M    +  3.42 

S  X  F   +0.16 

VS  X  S     +2.04 

M  X  VF  +  4 .  53 

M  X  M  +  1 .  IS 

VS  X  F     +  2 .  66 

F  X  VF  +  4 .  86 

M  x  F   +1.42 

S  X  M    +  2 .  73 
Sx  VF+  2.81 

VF  X  VF  +  8.61 

Figure  8  shows  clearly  that,  in  spite  of  considerable  irregularities, 
the  line  of  regression  descends  from  the  matings  of  two  very  fleshy 
parents  at  the  left,  and  in  general  from  matings  in  which  the  average 
parental  departure  from  the  mean  build  of  parents  is  positive,  to  the 
mating  of  two  slender  parents  (or,  less  strikingly  the  VS  X  S  mating) 
or  in  general  to  the  matings  in  which  the  average  parental  departure 
is  extremely  negative.  This  result  is  most  easily  explained  on  the 
ground  that  whereas  fleshy  parents  carry  all  sorts  of  gametes  for 
build,  slender  parents  carry  a  preponderance  of  gametes  of  their  own 
kind;  hence  the  progeny  do  not  regress  so  much  from  the  selected 
parental  condition.  This  suggests  that  the  slender  parents  are  more 
nearly  homozygous  than  the  fleshy  parents. 


REGRESSION. 


Still  another  test  of  the  gametic  composition  of  the  parents  ia  the 
variability  of  their  offspring.  The  facta  regarding  such  variability 
are  given  in  table  16.    From  this  table  il  appears  that  the  mating  thai 

Table  16. — Progeny  of  the  various  tapes  of  mating*  arranged  in  order  of  oariabUUy  or  ttandard 
deviation  (8.  D.),  together  with  the  probable  errore  I  P.  E.  I  of  tht  meant  and  d* 

also  the  coefficients  of  variation  {based  on  tabh    1  :  . 


Typo  of  mating. 


No.  of 
progeny. 


Mean  build  of  pro- 
geny and  (P.    I 


Standard  di 
lion  and  (P    I. 


I 
variabil 


S  X 

M  x 

Sx 

Sx 

VSx 

VSx 


s  .. 

M.  . 

F.  . 

M  . 

S.. 

M  . 

M  X  F  .  . 

Sx  VF. 

FxF.. 

Fx  VF. 

VS  X  F  . . 

VF  X  VF 

M  X  VF. 


47 

.327 

loo 

300 

11 

28 

.340 

34 

157 

100 

25 

30 

112 


2S  17 
34.79 
34 .  39 
34.01 
28.55 
32.18 
35.41 
35.68 
37.56 
.3S  19 
35.04 
39.20 
37.64 


24 
15 
22 
16 
86 
54 
16 
51 
29 
36 
83 


0  78 

o  ;.s 


41 
06 
13 
20 
21 
22 
27 
44 
37 
::s 


(i  is 
6  31 
9   11 


0.17 
it  II 
ii  L6 
ii  11 
it  r,i 
0.38 
0.11 
0.36 
ii  20 
27 
59 
55 
41 


- 
11 
u 
12 
14 
13 


'..7 
67 

in 
.;'. 
7.'. 
11 


12  06 

17  64 

16  l" 

24  17 


yields  the  least  variable  progeny  is  that  of  two  slender  consorts.  The 
variability  in  their  progeny  is  measured  by  2.41  ±  0.17.  The  varia- 
bility of  the  progeny  of  the  VS  X  S  mating  is  greater,  4.21  ±  0.61, 


♦g 

♦6 
+7 

,  r 

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-> 

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♦3 
♦2 

1    | 

i 

• 

-3 
j 

/ 

0 
,  i 

0 

-1 
i 

-1 

2    *\ 

-10  -9    *! 

1     - 

J    +7    +6    +5    +4    +3    *■', 

u_                 c-y-     1       loll     tr»u. 
> — oo->~l — ««     o>      " 

1+0            -2-3-4    \ 5  /  6     -7     -8 

-2 

+  8 

«>£ 



* 

Fig.  8. — Line  of  regression  of  progeny  on*parents    based  on  the  difference   betwi 
filial  and  parental  departures  from  mediocrity.    The  ab»  isure  1 1 1 . 

departure  of  each  class  of  mating.    The  ordinates  are  proportional  t<>  the  filial  r.-k:rr- 

but  on  account  of  the  small  number  of  the  progeny  the  probable  error 
is  large,  and  it  is  possible  that  this  difference  in  variability  between 
S  X  S  and  VS  X  S  progeny  is  not  a  significant  one     Next  to  the  least 


40  MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

variable  are  the  offspring  of  the  M  X  M  mating,  4.06  ±  0.11,  and  this 
leads  to  the  conclusion  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  M  parents  are 
not  merely  heterozygous,  but  constitute  a  "pure  race"  of  medium 
build.  The  offspring  of  the  S  X  F  mating  have  a  fairly  small  varia- 
bility 4.13  ±  0.16,  as  befits  a  first  generation  (Fi)  hybrid.  On  the 
other  extreme,  we  have  the  M  X  VF  mating  with  a  standard  deviation 
of  9.11  ±0.41.  This  large  standard  deviation  is  due  chiefly  to  the 
inclusion  of  one  family  (Ber-A)  which  contains  2  progeny  of  builds 
79  and  103,  weighing  180  kg.  (400  pounds)  and  215  kg.  (475  pounds) 
respectively.  Otherwise,  the  variability  of  this  mating  is  not  extreme. 
It  is  5.25  ±  0.24.  The  next  largest  variability  is  from  the  VF  X  VF 
mating,  6.31  ±  0.55,  a  variability  that  is  due  to  the  absence  of  any 
important  mode.  The  progeny  of  the  VS  X  F  mating  are  highly 
variable,  6.18  ±  0.59,  but  this  standard  deviation  has  the  largest 
probable  error  of  any  except  VS  X  S,  so  that  great  stress  must  not  be 
laid  upon  its  exact  position.  In  general,  the  progeny  of  matings  with 
2  or  1  F  or  VF  parents,  belong  to  the  more  variable  group  and  those 
with  S  (or  VS)  parents  to  the  less  variable  group.  The  meaning  of 
this  is  clear  to  the  geneticist  who  has  dealt  with  multiple  factors.  It 
indicates  that  some  or  all  of  the  factors  that  make  for  fleshy  build 
dominate  to  a  greater  or  less  degree  over  the  factors  for  slenderness. 
The  test  of  the  regression  of  progeny  toward  mediocrity  and  the  test 
of  the  variability  of  the  progeny  of  the  various  matings  thus  lead  to 
the  same  result — the  factors  for  fleshiness  are  imperfectly  dominant 
over  those  for  slenderness,  and  the  latter  probably  lack  some  or  all  of 
those  factors  that  make  for  fleshy  build. 

HYPOTHESIS. 

The  foregoing  brief  studies  of  the  progeny  of  classes  of  matings 
suggest  the  following  hypothesis : 

Fleshy  build  results  from  the  action  of  several  positive  (dominant) 
factors  that  make  for  stoutness,  while  slenderness  results  from  the 
absence  of  one  or  more  of  such  factors,  or  is  due  to  recessive  factors. 
Fleshy  parents  may,  and  frequently  do,  carry  gametes  which  lack  the 
"fleshy"  or  carry  the  "slender"  factor,  while  in  slender  parents  for  the 
most  part  the  gametes  carry  only  the  slender  factor,  hence  the  gametes 
of  slender  parents  are  more  nearly  homogeneous.  This  hypothesis 
may  be  further  developed  as  follows: 

Assuming  that  there  are  two  independent  factors  A  and  B  for  build, 
then  these  may  be  found  in  different  zygotes  in  the  following  com- 
binations : 


AABB 

AaBB 

aABB 

aaBB 

AABb 

AaBb 

aABb 

aaBb 

AAbB 

AabB 

aAbB 

aabB 

AAbb 

Aabb 

aAbb 

aabb 

II  VPOTHESIS. 


41 


Or,  disregarding  order  of  the  letters,  and  considering  only  the  number 

and  kind  of  genes  in  each  kind  of  zygote,  we  have: 


AABB 

2AaBB 

aaBB 

2AABh 

4AaBb 

2aaBb 

AAbb 

2Aabb 

:t;d»l> 

in  which  the  coefficients  indicate  the  relative  frequency  of  the  different 

combinations. 

We  may  assume  that : 

4  positive  factors  in  a  zygote  correspond  to  a  very  fleshy  person 

3  factors  correspond  to  a  fleshy  person. 

2  factors  correspond  to  a  person  of  medium  build. 

1  factor  corresponds  to  a  slender  person. 

0  factor  corresponds  to  a  very  slender  person. 

Table  17  indicates  the  possible  matings  and  their  progeny. 

Table  17. — Percentage  distribution  of  the  progeny  oj  the  various  malinga,  on  the  (uzunvption 
that  extreme  fleshy  build  is  dependent  upon  4  zygotic  factors  in  I  is. 


One 
parent 

Other 
parent 

Zygotic  formula-. 

( raxnetic 

Percentage  <>f  each  aumber  of 

zygotes  in  provjony. 

tormuise. 

0  vs 

I  - 

2    M 

4 

4 

AABB  x  AABB 

AB  x  AB 

100 

4 

3 

AABB  x  AABb 

/    AB  x  AB  \ 

1    AB  x  Al,   1 

:,,! 

4 

2 

WHBx  AAbb 
!  \  \BB  x  AaKI, 

AB  ■   Ab 

li  in 

.Mi 

\B   ■    AB 
1   AB  x  Ab 
]    AB  x  aB 
[  AB  x  ab 

■ 

25 

4 

1 

AABB  x  Aabb 

|    AB  x  Ab  \ 
\  AB  x  ab 

SO 

50 

4 

0 

AABB  <  aabb 

AB  x  ab 

inn 

1 

3 

:5 

\  \l'.l,  ■     \  \BI, 

AB  X  AB  ] 
AB  •   Ab 
Ab  X  AB 

Ab    ■    \'. 

25 

3 

2 

AABb   •    V  U>b 

\  \BI.     •      \  alii, 

AB  X  Ab 

M,   ■   Ab 
AB  ■    \B 
AB  K  Ab 
\B  ■  aB 
\l'.  ■  ab 
Ab  X   IB 
Ab   •    \ 
Ab  X 
Ab   ■  ab 

.-,11 

1:  6 

u  5 

42 


MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


Table  17. — Percentage  distribution  of  the  progeny  of  the  various  mating s,  on  the  assumption 
that  extreme  fleshy  build  is  dependent  upon  4  zygotic  factors  in  the  parents — Con. 


One 

parent. 

Other 
parent. 

Zygotic  formula?. 

Gametic 

Percentage  of  each  number  of 
zygotes  in  progeny. 

lormula?. 

0  (VS) 

1  (S) 

2(M) 

3(F) 

4  (VF) 

3 

1 

AABb  X  Aabb 

(  AB  x  Ab 
j   AB  x  ab    I 
Ab  X  Ab 

[  Ab  X  ab 

25 

50 

25 

3 

0 

AABb  X  aabb 

/  AB  x  ab   \ 

\  Ab  x  ab    / 

50 

50 

2 

2 

'AAbb   x  AAbb 
AAbb   X  AaBb 

AaBb    X  AAbb 

< 

AaBb    X  AaBb 

Ab  x  Ab 

100 
50 

50 
37.5 

< 
< 

'  Ab  X  AB ] 
Ab  x  Ab  ( 
Ab  X  aB 
Ab  X  ab 

'  AB  x  Ab  ] 

Ab  x  Ab   1 
aB  x  Ab 
.  ab    x  Ab  J 

'  AB  x  AB ' 
AB  x  Ab 
AB  x  aB 
AB  x  ab 
2Ab  X  AB 
2Ab  X  Ab    ! 
2Ab  X  aB    ' 
2Ab  X  ab 
ab    X  AB 
ab    X  Ab 
ah    x  aB 
,  ab    X  ab   J 

6.25 

25 
25 

25 

25 
25 

25 

6.25 

2 

1 

AAbb   x  Aabb 

J  AABb  x  Aabb 

1 
1 
I 

J 

Ab  X  Ab  \ 
Ab  X  ab    f 
'  AB  x  Ab  ' 
Ab  X  Ab 
AB  x  ab 
Ab  x  ab 
aB  x  Ab    f 
aB  x  aB 
ab    X  Ab 
ab    X  ab 

12.5 

50 
37.5 

50 
37.5 

12.5 

2 

0 

AAbb  X  aabb 
AaBb   X  aabb 

Ab  X  ab 
f  AB  x  ab 

1    Ab  x  ab 

aB  x  ab     ' 
[  ab    X  ab 

25 

100 
50 

25 

1 

1 

Aabb    X  Aabb 

f  Ab  X  Ab  1 

Ab  X  ab 
)    ab    X  Ab    ' 

(  ab    X  ab 

50 

50 

1 

0 

Aabb     x  aabb 

f  Abab 
\  abab 

50 

50 

0 

0 

aabb     X  aabb 

100 

i 

1 

HYPOTHESIS. 


43 


Table  18. — Percentage  distribution  of  the  progeny  of  tin  varioiu  moMngt  on  the  at 
that  extreme  flesh ii  build  it  dependent  on  6  zygotic  factort  m  tin  /«ir. 


No.  of  factors  in 

Pera  ntage  of  each  ■  I.  --  of  i   ■ 

One 

parent. 

Other 
parent. 

6 

.-. 

1 

J 

1 

|| 

6 

6 

inn 

6 

5 

50 

50 

e 

4 

/ 

1IKI 

50 

{     25 

25 

6 

3 

\     12.5 

.50 
37 . 5 

50 
37.5 

12.5 

6 

2 

/ 

MX) 
50 

\ 

25 

25 

6 

1 

50 

•Ml 

6 

0 

100 

S 

5 

25 

50 

25 

5 

4 

J 

\      12.5 

50 
37 . 5 

50 
37.5 

12.5 

5 

3 

/       6.25 

\ 

25 
25 

37.5 
50 

25 
25 

6.25 

5 

2 

{::::::::: 

12.5 

37.5 
50 

37.5 
50 

12.5 

5 

1 

25 

.50 

25 

5 

0 

50 

50 

4 

4 

f       6.25 

25 
25 
25 

37.5 

;,() 

100 

25 
25 
25 

6.25 

::::::::: 

I 

4 

3 

f       3.125 

15.625 
12.5 
1 2  .'. 

31.25 
37.5 
37.5 
50 

31.25 
37 . 5 

37  5 
50 

15.625 

1  J    5 

12  ■". 

3.125 

::::::::: 

I 

4 

2 

r 

6.25 

25 
25 
25 

37.5 

50 

50 

100 

25 

:■:. 
25 

6  25 



\ 

1 

4 

1 

r 

50 
37.5 

50 
37.5 

{ 

12.5 

12.5 

4 

0 

25 

50 

25 

3 

3 

\       1 . 5625 

9.375 

6.25 

6.25 

23.4375 
25 
25 
25 

31.25 
37 . 5 
37.5 
.50 

23.-).'w.-. 

25 

2.'. 

25 

9.375 
6  25 

1 .  51 



1:::..... 

8 

2 

r 

3.125 

16.625 

12   :» 

31.25 

37   5 

a:  :, 

50 

31.25 
:c  :. 
37  5 
50 

16.628 

12    6 
12    B 

3   125 

... 

[.::...:.. 

3 

1 

r 

.,  ::, 

25 

(7    :> 
50 

25 
25 

6.6 

{ 

3 

0 

/.  . 

12.5 

.7     '■ 

60 

50 

I 

2 

2 

[ 

6.25 

25 

37.5 
50 

Km 

25 

6  25 

1::::::::: 

o 

1 

/. 

12.5 

:(7  .'. 

Ml 

50 

Mm 

{:.: 

2 

0 

/ 

25 

{::::::::: 

1 

1 

25 

50 

25 

1 

0 

50 

60 

0 

0 

100 

44 


MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


On  the  hypothesis  of  6  zygotic  factors  for  build,  the  possible  com- 
binations in  the  progeny  are  much  more  numerous.  Seven  classes  of 
zygotic  combinations  are  possible.  We  recognize  in  our  work  only  5 
classes  of  build.  Accordingly,  it  would  be  necessary  to  redistribute 
our  classes  of  build  into  7  or  else  assume  that  the  two  lowest  classes 
are  both  comprised  in  "very  slender"  and  the  two  highest  in  "very 
fleshy."  The  former  operation  would  require  an  amount  of  work 
hardly  justified  by  the  possible  advantage;  so  the  latter  procedure 
was  adopted  as  perhaps  a  sufficiently  close  approximation.  The  dis- 
tributions are  given  in  table  18  which  is  given  in  detail  only  in  part. 

MATE  SELECTION  IN  BUILD. 

Statistics  on  temperament  and  stature  of  consorts  (Davenport, 
1915,  p.  106;  1917,  p.  329)  seem  clearly  to  show  that  there  is  an 
assortative  mating  in  respect  to  these  traits.  The  question  arises: 
Is  there  assortative  mating  in  respect  to  build?  The  inquiry  is  ren- 
dered the  more  difficult,  inasmuch  as  build  changes  to  such  an  extent 
with  age.  Nevertheless,  as  there  appears  to  be  a  considerable  corre- 
lation (though  not  yet  calculated)  between  build  at  25  and  at  50 
years,  it  is  fair  to  assume  that  some  degree  of  the  mature  build  is 
already  indicated  at  the  period  just  before  marriage. 

Table  19. — Percentage  distribution  of  parents  of  each  sex  among  the  various  classes 
of  build  as  found  in  531  selected  matings.     Based  on  Appendix  tables. 


Classes. 

Males.                                  Females. 

Frequency. 

Per  cent. 

Frequency. 

Per  cent. 

VS 

S 

M 

F 

VF 

Total .  . 

22 
97 

230 

158 

44 

.38 

18.27 

43.31 

29.75 

8.29 

18 
127 
210 
120 

56 

3.39 
23.92 
39.55 
22.59 
10.55 

531 

100 

531 

100 

If,  now,  there  is  no  assortative  mating  in  respect  to  build,  we  should 
find  that  persons  of  any  given  build,  say  slender,  would  have  very 
slender,  slender,  medium,  fleshy,  and  very  fleshy  consorts  in  the  respec- 
tive proportions  in  which  such  classes  of  build  occur  in  the  whole 
population  of  parents.  A  marked  deviation  from  this  expectation 
would  indicate  the  falseness  of  this  hypothesis  and  that  there  is  an 
assortative  mating  in  respect  to  build. 

To  test  the  hypothesis  we  can  make  use  of  531  matings,  including 
those  which  are  employed  in  the  main  tables.  We  find  the  male  and 
the  female  consorts  in  these  matings  to  occur  in  the  different  classes 
in  the  numbers  and  proportions  shown  in  table  19. 


MATE   SELECTION. 


45 


In  applying  the  test  to  the  hypothesis  we  may  assume  in  turn  that 
the  groom  has  done  the  selecting  and  that  the  bride  has  doi 
selecting.  We  then  compare,  in  the  selections  made  by  the  groon 
the  expected  proportion  of  the  classes  of  build  on  the  assumption  of 
no  assortative  mating,  with  the  proportions  actually  found  in  the 
brides.  Similarly,  with  suitable  changes  for  the  selections  made  by 
the  brides.    The  results  are  given  in  table  20. 

Table  20. — Percentage  distribution  of  build  of  consorts  selected  In/  grooms  and  by  hr  </.  |  belonging  to  each 
of  the  classes  of  build,  and  comparison  with  the  standards  of  table  19, 

P,  percentages  found  or  expected.     E,  percentage  excess  of  found  ov.  tad. 

Selections  made  bt  Grooms. 


VS 

S 

M 

F 

VF 

Tot*l 

P 

E 

P 

E             P 

E 

P 

E 

P            1 

Expected  build  of  brides, 

3.4 
5.2 
3.5 
3.2 
0.0 

23.9 
24.7 
28.3 
18.3 
15.9 

+    3.3 
+  18.4 
-23.4 
-33.5 

39.6 
37.1 
40.4 
40.5 
38.6 

+  6.3 
+  2.0 
+  2.3 
-  2.5 

22.6 

22.3 
21.5 
27.3 

+    4.9 

-  1.3 

-  4.9 
+  20.8 

10.6 

9.3 

5.6 

16.5 

18.2 

-  U    < 
-47    1 

+  •' 
+  71    7 

100 

Selections  by  slender 
grooms 



+    52.9 
+      2.9 

-  5.9 

-  100 

Selections  by  medium 
grooms 

Selections  by  fleshy 
grooms 

Selections  by   very  fleshy 
grooms 

Selections  made  bt  Brides. 

Expected  build  of  grooms, 
random  selection 

0.4 

1.59 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

18.3 
18.9 
17.1 
19.2 
16.1 

+    3.3 

-  6.6 
+    4.9 

-  12.0 

43.3 
51.2 
44.3 
42.5 
23.2 

+  18.2 
+    2.3 
-    1.8 
-46.4 

30.5 
28.3 
46.4 

+    . 
-    .' 
+  5.".  7 

8.3 

5.5 

8.1 

10.0 

11  .1 

-     . 

•  n 

100 

Selections  by  slender 
brides 

+  297.5 

-  100 

-  100 

-  100 

Selections  by  medium 

brides 

Selections  by  fleshy 

brides 

Selections  by  very  fleshy 

brides 

An  inspection  of  tables  19  and  20  shows  that  the  hypothesis  that 
wives  and  husbands  of  men  of  each  different  class  of  build  are  merely 
random  samples  of  the  whole  population  of  parents  is  not  supported 
by  the  facts.    Thus  on  the  part  of  both  very  fleshy  grooms  and  bri 
over  70  per  cent  more  consorts,  who  will  ultimately  be  very  fleshy 
are  selected  than  are  expected  on  the  hypothesis  of  random  sam- 
pling.   Also,  among  fleshy  fathers  there  is  a  marked  :  very 
fleshy  wives.     Slender  parents  have  an  excess  of  similar  const 
Medium  parents  have  selected  consorts  nearly  at   random  B0  far 
regards  build.     Slender  parents  have  selected  a  smaller  proportion 
of  very  fleshy  consorts  than  expectation  on  random  choice,  and  \- 
fleshy  parents  have  selected  less  than  the  average  of  very  slender  and 
slender  consorts.     In  a  word,  there  is  some   d            of  assorta' 


46  MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

mating  and,  indeed,  a  mating  of  similars.  This  result  agrees  with  the 
findings  in  respect  to  stature;  similars  tend  to  mate;  while  in  the 
case  of  temperament,  dissimilars  tend  to  marry  each  other. 

THE  BASAL  TABLES. 

In  the  Appendix  are  given  in  tabular  form  details  concerning  the 
different  types  of  matings,  with  some  information  concerning  the 
grandparents,  the  sibs  of  parents,  and  the  children.  These  are  the 
tables  that  have  been  used  for  the  mass  study  and  from  which  table 
11  was  drawn  up."  They  will  afford  much  of  our  data  for  the  detailed 
Mendelian  studies,  and  will  be  briefly  considered  in  this  section. 

These  tables  are  derived  chiefly  from  the  Records  of  Family  Traits; 
some  from  special  schedules  and,  in  a  few  cases,  from  the  A  file  of  the 
Eugenics  Record  Office. 

Table  I. — Mating  of  very  slender,  1.50  to  1.75  metric  (21  to  25  English)  X 
very  slender.  This  combination  does  not  occur  in  our  506  standard 
matings. 

Table  //.—Matings  of  very  slender  X  slender.  1.80  to  2.10  (26  to  30) .  There 
are  seven  matings  altogether.  They  yielded  20  progeny:  4  VS,  12  S, 
2  M,  and  2  F.  Four-fifths  of  the  progeny  thus  fall  in  the  parental 
groups;  the  distribution  shows  little  variability  (fig.  9). 

Table  ///.—Matings  of  very  slender  X  medium,  2.2  to  2.6  (31  to  36).  28 
children  derived  from  8  matings  have  indices  of  build  as  follows: 

1  VS,  7  S,  17  M,  3  F.    The  mode  of  the  progeny,  as  compared  with 
table  2,  has  shifted  to  the  medium  grade  (fig.  10 1. 

Table  IV.— Matings  of  very  slender  X  fleshy,  2.6  to  3.0  (37  to  43).  There 
are  5  matings.    These  yielded  25  progeny:  1  VS,  5  S,  10  M,  7  F,  and 

2  VF.    The  mode  is  at  medium  grade,  but  the  whole  distribution  is 
much  more  variable  than  in  tables  2  and  3  (fig.  11). 

Table  V. — Matings  of  very  slender  X  very  fleshy,  3.1  to  4.5   (44  to  64). 

There  is  only  1  mating  in  this  class,  so  that  no  table  is  formed.    It 

is  described  in  full  on  page  97.     It  produced  7  children:  3  S,  3  M, 

and  1  VF. 
Table  VI. — Matings  of  slender  X  slender.  There  are  24  matings  of  this  type. 

They  yielded  51  progeny:  5  VS,  35  S,  11  M.    The  mode  is  strongly 

in  the  S  grade;  the  progeny  show  relatively  little  variability  (fig.  12). 
Table  VII. — Matings  of  slender  X  medium  parents.    There  are  101  matings 

of  this  type.    They  yielded  313  progeny:  49  S.  200  M,  53  F,  11  VF. 

The  mode  is  at  medium;  the  progeny  show  rather  low  variability 

(fig.  13). 
Tabic  VIII. — Matings  of  slender  X  fleshy  parents.    There  are  52  matings  of 

this  type.    They  yielded  179  progeny:  5  VS,  25  S,  85  M,  57  F,  7  VF. 

The  mode  is  at  medium;  the  progenv  show  rather  low  variability 

(fig-  14). 

°The  families  in  the  tables  of  the  Appendix  which  are  marked  by  an  asterisk  (*)  are  not 
included  in  table  11.  The  reason  is  that  they  were  selected  families,  usually  because  containing 
very  fleshy  persons.  It  was  deemed  undesirable  to  combine  these  selected  families  with  the  un- 
selected  families  that  make  up  most  of  table  11;  a  table  which  forms  the  basis  for  figure  7.  To 
have  included  them  would  have  distorted  the  form  of  that  figure. 


BASAL   TAHI.I-. 


Ron 

snn 

/ion 

?on 

200 

100 

finn 

500 

inn 

?nn 

100 

. 

vs 


M 


VF 


VS 


M 


VF 


Fig 


9. — Per  mille  distribution  of  prog- 
eny of  table  II,  VS  X  S  castings. 
Number  of  individuals,  20. 


lii..   10. — Per  mille  distribution  >>f  ;  i 
eny  uf   table   III.  VS  •   M  matjngp 
Number  <>f  indh  iduals,  28 


b'00 

A00 

wo 

2nn 

inn 

son 

700 

6no 
snn 
4nn 
3nn 
2no 

100 


vs 


M 


VF 


M 


F 


Fig.  11. — Percentage  distribution  of  prog- 
eny of  table  IV.  VS  X  F  matings. 
Number  of  individuals,  25. 


VS  b 

FlG.  12.       IVr,  •••  nbini.ui  ol  i  I 

eny    of    I  ible   VI,    -      9    mating*. 
N  umber  of  indi\  iduala,  51 


48 


MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


/OO 

600 

ouu 
400 
300 

200 

100 

1 

vs 


M 


VF 


Fig.  13. — Percentage  distribution  of  prog- 
eny of  table  VII,  S  X  M  matings. 
Number  of  individuals,  313. 


fiOO 

500 

'lOO 

300 

?nn 

1 
* 

inn 

1 

vs 


M 


VF 


Fig.  14. — Percentage  distribution  of  prog- 
eny of  table  VIII,  S  X  F  matings. 
Number  of  individuals,  179. 


600 
500 
400 

300 
200 

100 

VS 


M 


VF 


6no 

500 
400 
300 

200 

100 

MM 

VS 


M 


VF 


Fig.  15. — Percentage  distribution  of  progeny  of 
table  IX,  S  X  VF  matings.  Number  of  indi- 
viduals, 50. 


Fig.  16. — Percentage  distribution  of  prog- 
eny of  table  X,  M  X  M  matings. 
Number  of  individuals,  332. 


BASAL  TAB I-I.s. 


4fi 


ToblcIX. — Matings  of  slender  X  very  fleshy  parents.    Thert  are  16matii 
of  this  type.    They  yielded  50  progeny:  7  S.  is  M.  17  F,  8  VF.     I    i 
progeny  are  very  variable  (fig.  15). 

Tabic  X. — Matings  of  medium  X  medium  parents.    There  are  93  matinge 
of  this  type.    They  yielded  332  offspring:  2  VS.  40  8,  201  M    B2  1 
7  VF.    The  progeny  are  not  very  variable  (fig.  16),  indicating  that 
all  individuals  of  medium  build  are  not  "heterosygotes" ;   but   that 
there  is  also  a  "medium"  race. 


fino 

son 

/inn 

?no 

2D0 

100 

a 

vs 


M 


VF 


Fig.  17. — Percentage  distribution  of  prog- 
eny of  table  XI,  M  X  F  matings. 
Number  of  individuals,  1,346. 


600 

500 

400 

300 

?00 

100 

vs 


M 


VF 


Flo.  18. — Percentage  distribution  of  prog- 
eny of  table  XII,  M  X  VF  inntinga. 
Number  of  individuals,  112. 


400 


300 


200 


100 


400 

300 
200 
100 

m 

VS 


M 


VF 


Fig.  19. — Percentage  distribution  of  prog- 
eny of  table  XIII,  F  X  F  matings. 
Number  of  individuals,  159. 


VS  S  M  F         VF 

Fig.  I'd.      IVrci-ntiigo  distribution  "f  | 

my  <»f  tabic  xi\ .  I    •  \  i    mntragi 
Number  <>f  individuals) 


Table  XL— Matings  of  medium X fleshy  parents.    There  are  115  matinge 
of  this  type.    They  yielded  346  offspring:  31  S,  210  M,  88  F,  17  \  1 
The  progeny  show  an  intermediate  degree  of  variability  (fig.  17). 

Table  XII.— Matings  of  medium  X  very  fleshy  parents.    There  are  30  mat- 
inge of  this  type.    They  yielded  112  offspring:  2  VS,  7  S   60  M,  36  I 
17  VF.    The  progeny  show  considerable  variability   (tig.  18). 


50 


MASS  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


Table  13. — Matings  of  fleshv  X  fleshy  parents.  There  are  33  matings  of 
this  type.  They  yielded  159  offspring:  15  S,  62  M,  61  F,  21  VF. 
The  progeny  show  a  rather  high  variability  (fig.  19). 

Table  XIV. — Matings  of  fleshv  X  verv  fleshy  parents.  There  are  30  matings 
of  this  type.  They  yielded  146  offspring:  1  VS,  7  S,  52  M,  51  F,  35 
VF.    The  progeny  are  very  variable  (fig.  20). 

Table  XV. — Matings  of  very  fleshy  X  very  fleshy  parents.  There  are  7 
matings  of  this  type.  They  yielded  37  offspring:  1  S,  12  M,  11  F, 
13  VF.    The  progeny  are  exceedingly  variable  (fig.  21). 


1 

400 

300 
200 

100 

VS 


M 


VF 


Fig.  21. — Percentage  distribution  of  progeny  of 
table  XV,  VF  X  VF  matings.  Number  of 
individuals,  37. 


: 


The  diversity  of  the  distributions  of  the  progeny  of  the  various 
matings  and  the  great  difference  in  their  variabilities  indicates  that 
there  is  not  only  an  inheritance  of  tendencies  to  particular  types  of 
build,  but  also  that  there  is  a  strong  evidence  of  some  sort  of  Men- 
delian  inheritance. 


PART  III.  FAMILY  STl  DIES  l\  HEREDITY  OF  I'.l  III). 

A.    STATEMENT  OF  PROBLEM. 

Our  study  of  the  mass  relation  in  build  between  parental  and  filial 
generation  has  followed  the  ordinary  pre-Mendelian  method  of  analy- 
sis of  heredity,  a  method  that  has  proved  rather  sterile  for  prediction 
of  filial  traits.  It  has,  however,  enabled  us  to  formulate  an  hyp*  >th< 
in  Mendelian  language.  It  now  remains  to  use  our  data  in  Mendelian 
fashion,  to  seek  a  test  of  the  hypothesis. 

In  this  study  we  shall  not  use  all  of  the  families  Listed  in  tie'  mam 
tables  of  the  Appendix,  because  some  of  them  are  for  various  reasons 
not  adequate  for  Mendelian  analysis;  for  example,  in  some  cases  the 
ancestry  is  insufficiently  known,  so  that  the  gametic  nature  of  the 
parents  can  not  be  inferred.  It  is  considered  preferable  to  analyze  a 
few  of  the  more  completely  known  families  than  to  rest  content  with 
the  mass  statistics.  I  shall  take  up  in  order  the  more  significant 
matings. 

B.  DISCUSSION  OF  SPECIAL  MATINGS. 

Class  I.     Both  Parents  Slendi  b. 
Mating  1.  One  Parent  Is  Very  Slender,  of  Slender  St<x  k.  tiik  Otheb  Slenoeb. 

We  have  only  two  fair  cases  falling  into  this  category.  The 
*Fun  family  with  the  paternal  formula  27.  29,  27  and  the  maternal 
formula  32,  27,  25;  and  the  Sch-37  family  with  the  paternal  formula 
29,  33±,  29  and  the  maternal  formula  27±,  29±  ftb,  25.  I  In  these 
formulas  the  indices  of  father's  father,  father's  mother,  father,  and 
similarly  for  the  mother's  side  of  the  house  are  given  in  that  order.) 
The  full  history  of  these  cases  follows: 

*Fun  Family.     (Fig.  22.  i 

II  6.  6  ,  170  cm.  (67  inches)  tall,  and  weighing  56  kg.  1 123  pounds) ;  build 
1.9  (27) ;  slender  and  of  exclusively  slender  sibship  and  parentage;  married 
II  7,   5  ,  167  cm.  (66  inches  i  tall  and  weighing  50  kg.  (110  pounds  I  ;  build, 
1.8  (25);  very  slender  and  of  slender  or  medium  sibship  and  parent 
They  have  2  children:    (1)    $  ,  at  27  years,  16.)  cm.   (66  inches)  tall  and 
weighing  54  kg.  (118  pounds);  build  1.9  (28),  slender;  (2)       .  at  24  yi 
183  cm.  (72  inches)  tall  and  weighing  68  kg.  (149  pounds),  build  2' 
slender. 

Thus  this  mating  of  very  slender  X    slender  parents  yielded  only 

(2)   slender  offspring.     A   slender  X  slender  mating   from   the   -ame 
family  may  be  added  here. 

♦The  aateri.sk  immediately  preceding  the  reference  letter*  means  <.;i 
to  is  not  included  in  the  statistics  of  table  11. 

t  tb  or  f  t.  immediately  following  an  index  Dumber  in  tbjs  Study  •  signifies  tli  I  with 

that  index  number  had  active  tuberculosis.     The  t  U  leath  by  the 

51 


52 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


II,  S  ,  172  cm.  (68  inches)  tall  and  weighing  57  kg.  (125  pounds) ;  build 
1.9  (27),  slender.  Married  I  2,  9  ,  157  em.  (62  inches)  tall  and  weighing 
50  kg.  (110  pounds),  build  2.0  (29),  slender.  They  had  4  children:  (1)  $  , 
173  cm.  (68  inches)  tall,  weighing  54  kg.  (120  pounds);  build  1.8  (26), 
slender;  (2)  $  ,  173  cm.  (68  inches)  tall,  weighing  60.4  kg.  (133  pounds); 
build  2.0  (29),  slender;  (3)  9,  165  cm.  (65  inches)  tall,  weighing  52  kg. 
(115  pounds);  build  1.9  (27),  slender;  (4)  $,  170  cm.  (67  inches)  tall, 
weighing  56  kg.  (123  pounds) ;  build  1.9  (27),  slender. 

Two  slender  parents  have  thus  only  (4)  slender  offspring  (A  :  034). 


■rrjft 


n  ll-O     #T«     © 

|  2 


in 


3        4 


5       6  7 


Fig.  22. —  Pedigree   chart   showing   distribution   of   build   in    Fun 

family. 

In  this  and  the  following  pedigree  charts  the  following  sym- 
bolism is  adopted.  The  generations  are  marked  at  the  left 
margin;  members  of  one  fraternity  are  suspended  from  one 
horizontal  line;  square,  males;  circles,  females.  The  abbreviations: 
d.  inf.  (died  in  infancy),  and  d.  yg.  (died  young)  are  easily 
interpreted. 

The  degree  of  shading  indicates  the  degree  of  build  accord- 
ing to  the  following  scheme: 


<tb>  4  4 


■  ti 


very  slender    slender      medium      fleshy     very  fleshy    unknown 

Sch-37  Family. 

A  family  of  German  extraction  living  in  Ohio.  The  Father,  a  farmer, 
who  in  youth  suffered  from  inflammation  of  the  bowels  and  in  middle  age 
from  congestion  of  the  brain,  died  at  69  years  from  tetanus  and  apoplexy. 
Formula:  150/72  inches,  build  2.0  (29).  His  father,  a  farmer,  died  of 
apoplexy  at  83  years.  At  80  years  his  formula  was:  150/72  inches;  build 
2.0  (29).  His  mother,  who  in  middle  age  was  subject  to  stomach  trouble 
and  "shingles,"  died  of  old  age  at  83  years,  having  at  80  years  the  formula 
130/M;  build  2.3  (33  =t).  Thus,  this  side  of  the  house  is  prevailingly 
slender. 

The  Mother,  who  in  youth  was  subject  to  hives,  and  in  middle  age  to 
asthma  and  eczema,  has  at  73  years  the  formula  94/63  inches;  build  1.7 
(25).  Her  father,  a  farmer,  who  always  suffered  from  asthma  and  died 
of  it  at  74  years,  had  at  70  years  the  formula  120/M;  build  1.9  (27  ±). 
Her  mother,  who  died  at  83  years  of  tuberculosis  of  intestine,  had  at  80 
years  the  formula  110/M;  build  2.0  (29  =t).  This  is  a  decidedly  slender 
family,  more  so  than  that  of  the  paternal  side.    The  five  children: 

1.  Male,  who  in  youth  had  measles,  whooping-cough,  hay-fever,  colds, 
and,  in  middle  age,  asthma  and  hemorrhoids,  has  at  47  years  the  formula 
165/72.5  inches;  build  2.2  (31). 


BOTH  PARENTS  SUNDER. 


2.  Female,  who  in  youth  Buffered   from  sore  throat,  colds,  dipht 

and  quinsy,  and  in  middle  age  from  sore  throat;  is  quick-tempered  and 
astigmatic.    At  42  years  she  has  the  formula  140/68  inches;  build  2  1    (3 

3.  Female,  who  died  at  7  years,  accident. 

4.  Female,  who  in  youth  was  subject  to   lung  trouble  and   bronchh 
weighed  160  pounds  at  27  years,  7  pounds  at  birth.     She  has  gradually 
lost  weight  since  27  years,  till  at  37  years  she  has  the   formula    13.V68 
inches;  build  2.1  (29). 

5.  Male,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  lung  fever,  has  a  nervous  tempera- 
ment, at  30  years  has  the  formula  137.5/72  inches;  build  1.9  (27  I . 

Comment. — All  but  one  of  this  fraternity  of  4  who  grew  up  are  of  Blender 
build  (unadjusted).  The  exception  is  a  man  of  47  years  who  is  of  Blender- 
medium  build  (R  :  Sch-37). 

To  summarize:  Of  10  progeny  (who  grew  up)  of  these  3  matings 
all  are  slender  except  1  who  falls  just  over  the  line  into  medium. 

Mating  2.  Both  Parents  Are  Slender,  of  Slender  Stock. 

Table  21  gives  the  progeny  of  matings  of  slender  stock.  Of  the 
5  matured  progeny,  4  are  slender  and  1  just  over  the  line  into  medium. 
The  details  of  the  families  are  given  below. 

Table  21. — Matings  of  two  slender  parents;  together  with  their  progeny. 

[From  Table  VI.] 


FF 

FM 

F 

F's  sibs 

MF 

MM 

M 

M's  sibs 

Offspring 

VS 

S 

M 

F 

VF 

Ker  5 

Ste  9 

M 
M 

30 

S 

29 

28 

M 

S 

27 
31 

29 
28 

1 

3 

1 

Ker-5  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction,  living  mostly  in  western  United  States — 
Colorado,  Texas,  New  Mexico. 

The  Father,  who  was  an  army  officer,  is  a  railroad  official  who  suffered 
in  middle  age  from  tropical  fever.  He  has,  at  51  years,  the  formula  1  50  72 
inches;  build  2.0  (29).  His  father,  who  was  a  mechanic,  died  at  74  yean 
from  hardening  of  arteries,  having  had  at  60  years  the  formula  160  M. 
His  mother,  who  had  2  children,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  typhoid; 
she  died  at  about  47  years  from  pneumonia.  At  40  years,  her  formula 
110/S;  build  probably  about  2.1  (30).  This  side  of  the  house  is  prevailingly 
slender. 

The  Mother,  who  has  had  4  children,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  neurit 
She  is  living  at  49  years.  Formula,  115/63  inches;  build  2.0  (29).  Her 
father,  who  was  an  army  officer,  suffered  in  mid. lit-  age  from  heart  trouble 
and  rheumatism.  He  died  at  58  years  from  heart  trouble.  At  38  year- 
his  formula  160/M.  Her  mother,  who  had  2  children,  was  an  invalid; 
she  died  at  36  years  from  consumption.  Formula  100  8;  say  about  2.0 
(27).  This  side  of  the  house  is  prevailingly  slender.  Three  children 
grew  up: 


54  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

1.  Male,  a  railroad  man,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  throat  trouble  and 
pneumonia  and  who  is  very  nervous,  has  at  21  years  the  formula  150/78 
inches;  build  1.7  (25). 

2.  Male,  formerly  a  teacher,  now  in  the  army,  has  at  20  years  the  formula 
158/71  inches;  build  2.2  (31). 

Male,  is  slender  at  15  years. 

Comment. — The  somewhat  slender  parents  have  2  slender  children  and 
a  third  who  is  in  the  army  and  has  a  slender-medium  build  (R  :  Ker-5). 

Ste-9  Family. 

A  family  of  German  extraction,  paternal  grandparents  living  first  in 
Germany,  later  in  Alabama;  maternal  grandparents,  parents,  and  children 
living  in  Alabama.  The  Father,  who  is  a  farmer,  and  suffered  in  youth 
from  intermittent  fever  and  in  middle  age  from  hay  fever  and  gallstone  or 
intestinal  trouble,  is  living  at  52  years.  At  40  years  his  formula  120/65.5 
inches;  build  1.9  (28).  His  father,  who  was  a  farmer,  suffered  in  middle 
age  from  intermittent  fever.  He  died  at  82  years  from  congestion  of  bowels. 
At  60  years  he  was  of  medium  build.  His  mother  died  at  57  years  from 
intermittent  fever.  At  55  years  she  was  slender.  This  side  of  the  house 
should  contribute  a  slender  to  medium  tendency,  unless  the  Father's  weight 
is  abnormally  low,  due  to  his  intestinal  trouble. 

The  Mother,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  "enlarged  tonsils,"  and  in  middle 
age  from  bronchitis,  is  living  at  50  years.  At  40  years  her  formula  115/64.5 
inches;  build  1.9  (28).  Her  father,  who  was  a  blacksmith,  died  at  32  years 
from  "hemorrhage  of  lungs."  At  30  years  he  was  slender.  Her  mother, 
who  in  youth  suffered  from  malarial  fever  and  in  middle  age  from  tumors, 
died  at  about  64  years  from  "intestinal  trouble — tumors  (?)."  At  40  years 
her  formula  140/67  inches;  build  2.2  (31).  The  gametes  from  this  side  of 
the  house  also  should  tend  to  produce  slenderness  in  the  children.  Four 
children  grew  up: 

1.  Male,  an  engineer,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  tonsillitis  and  bron- 
chitis, has  at  27  years  the  formula  125/66  inches;  build  2.0  (29). 

2.  Male,  a  teacher,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  bronchitis,  has  at  24 
years  the  formula  145/70  inches;  build  2.1  (30). 

3.  Female,  a  school  teacher,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  malarial  fever, 
has  at  22  years  the  formula  115/62.8  inches;  build  2.0  (29). 

4.  Female,  under  18  years,  of  slender  build,  but  about  average  for  her  age. 
Comment. — All  3  grown  children  have  a  slender  build  at  present;  it  is 

possible  that  build  may  be  increased  as  they  grow  older  (R:  Ste-9). 

Mating  3.  Other  Slender  X  Very  Slender  Matings. 

There  are  3  matings  of  this  type:  (1)  Nob-1,  (2)  Cod-1,  (3) 
Jos-1  (table  22). 

Of  7  grown  and  4  immature  children  derived  from  this  mating,  5 
grown  children  and  2  (or  3)  adolescents  are  slender.  In  one  mating 
(Jos-1)  of  ethnically  dissimilar  parents  (from  Riga  and  Baden 
respectively),  both  adult  children  are  of  much  heavier  build  than 
either  parent,  i.  e.,  of  medium  to  fleshy  build.  This  might  be  explained 
as  an  example  of  the  extra-vigorous  growth  of  hybrids;  but  we  find 
few  other  examples  of  this  result  in  human  hybrids.  It  seems  more 
probable  that  both  parents  carry  1  or  more  factors  for  fleshiness  and 


BOTH   PARENTS  SLENDER. 


that  all  were  combined  in  their  eldest  son.  causing  him  to  develop 
fleshiness  further  than  either  of  his  parents. 

Table  22. — Otfur  matinga  of  a  slender  and  a  very  Blender  parent,  together  with  ■■ 


Rcf. 

FF 

FM 

F 

Father's 

MI    MM 

M 

Mother's 
si  be. 

<  >fT>|.riiiK 

VS 

s 

M 

l 

\i 

R  Cod  1 

R  Jos  1 

35 

33 

29 
24 
26 

30 

30 

25 

27 

24 

2 

1    ! 

R  Nob  1 . . 

M 

M 

Sui,  Neur 

2 

- 

1 

Total   

3 

i       i 

1 

Cod-1  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction  living  in  Ohio.  The  Father,  a  salesman, 
suffered  in  youth  from  whooping-cough,  measles,  inflammatory  rheumatism; 
in  middle  age  from  mumps  and  smallpox.  He  is  living  at  45  years,  having 
the  formula  125/66  inches;  build  2.0  (29).  His  father,  a  farmer,  died  at  ">i'> 
years  from  influenza  and  heart  trouble.  At  45  years  he  had  the  formula 
160/68  inches;  build  2.4  (35).  His  mother,  who  suffered  from  indigestion, 
died  at  72  years  from  ''sclerosis  of  liver."  At  45  years  her  formula  was 
135/64  inches;  build  2.3  (33).  Thus  this  side  of  the  house  is  of  medium 
to  slender  build. 

The  Mother,  who  in  youth  had  mumps,  measles,  hives,  scarlet  fever, 
tonsillitis,  and  rheumatism,  and  in  middle  life  sick  headaches,  tonsillitis, 
and  pneumonia,  is  living  at  45  years,  having  the  formula  95/1)2  inches ;  build 
1.8  1 25 1.  Her  father,  a  farmer,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  malaria  and  in- 
digestion and  in  middle  age  from  heart  trouble,  gravel,  and  indigestion,  died 
at  80  years  from  pneumonia  and  heart  trouble,  having  the  formula  150/71 
inches;  build  2.1  (30).  Her  mother,  who  in  youth  had  whooping-COUgh, 
mumps,  erysipelas,  asthma,  pneumonia,  and  in  middle  age  measles,  asthma, 
neuralgia,  pneumonia,  and  a  slight  attack  of  rheumatism,  is  living  at  77 
years.  At  45  years  her  formula  was  108/60  inches;  build  2.1  (30 > .  Thus 
this  side  of  the  house  is  slender  to  very  slender.    The  2  children  arc: 

1.  Male,  a  druggist,  who  suffered  from  all  the  children's  diseases  and 
appendicitis,  pneumonia,  smallpox,  rheumatism,  and  asthma,  and  loses  B  to 
10  pounds  in  winter  and  gains  it  back  in  summer,  has  at  20  year-  the 
formula  100/62  inches;  build  1.8  (26). 

2.  Female,    who    in    youth    suffered    from    all    the    children-    di» 
besides  nervous  nausea,  pneumonia,  and  tonsillitis,   has   at    IS   J  the 
formula  95/61  inches;  build  1.8  (26). 

Comment. — Thus  both  children  are  of  slender  build  I  R:  Cod   1  >. 

Jos-1  Family. 

A  family  whose  paternal  and  maternal  grandparents  lived  in  Baden  and 
Latvia  respectively;  parents  and  children  living  10  Pennsylvania. 
The  Latvian  Father,  who  in  middle  age  Buffered   from   a  "touch" 

typhoid,  has  at  60  years  the  formula  112/68  inches;  build  1.7  (34). 

The  Badenish  Mother,  who  had  three  children,  died  at  54  yean  from 
pneumonia,  having  the  formula  120/67  inches;  build  1.9   (27). 


56  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

Of  the  two  children  who  grew  up : 

1.  Male,  a  civil  engineer,  has  at  33  years  the  formula  180/68  inches; 
build  2.7  (39) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  189/68  inches;  build  2.9  (41). 

2.  Female,  a  student,  has  at  26  years  the  formula  150/69  inches-;  build 
2.2  (32) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  170/69  inches;  build  2.5  (36). 

Comment. — The  children  exceed  in  build  the  stouter  parent;  probably  a 
result  either  of  heterozygosis  or  multiple  factors  (R:  Jos-1). 

Nob-1  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction;  paternal  grandparents  living  in  Illinois 
and  Minnesota,  maternal  grandparents  living  in  Canada  and  Minnesota, 
parents  and  children  living  in  Illinois  and  Minnesota.  The  Father,  a  livery- 
man, a  very  energetic,  nervous  man,  is  in  middle  age  liable  to  rheumatism. 
He  has  at  47  years  the  formula  140/74  inches;  build  1.8  (26).  His  father, 
a  farmer,  who  in  middle  age  suffered  from  asthma,  colds,  and  heart  trouble, 
died  at  65  years  from  heart  failure,  having  the  formula  M/M.  His  mother, 
who  had  11  children,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  bronchitis.  She  is  living 
at  77  years,  having  the  formula  M/M. 

The  Mother,  who  has  had  7  children,  has  the  formula  105/66  inches; 
build  1.7  (24).  One  of  her  brothers  hung  himself;  one  of  her  sisters  was 
always  "sickly"  and  toward  the  end  of  her  life  "very  peculiar."  Their 
father,  a  farmer,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  heart  trouble.  He  died  from 
"dropsy  of  heart."  At  60  years  his  formula  was  M/M.  Their  mother,  who 
had  7  children,  is  living,  now  insane.    At  61  years  her  formula  was  M/M. 

The  7  children  are: 

1.  Female,  a  student,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  adenoids  and  tonsillitis, 
has  at  21  years  the  formula  110/65  inches;  build  1.8  (26). 

2.  Female,  a  bookkeeper,  has  at  19  years  the  formula  100/66  inches; 
build  1.6  (23). 

3.  Male,  a  student,  has  at  18  years  the  formula  112/67  inches;  build 
1.8  (25). 

Comment — There  are  four  children  below  18  years.  Of  these,  No.  4, 
at  14  years,  is  18  pounds  below  standard;  No.  5,  at  12  years,  15  pounds 
below;  No.  6,  at  8  years,  2  pounds  below;  and  No.  7,  at  5  years,  2  pounds 
above  standard. 

Thus  the  entire  family,  omitting  the  5-year-old,  is  below  the  standard 
and  mostly  very  slender  or  slender.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  parents 
are,  at  around  45  years,  still  slender  or  very  slender,  it  is  doubtful  if  the 
children's  weights  should  be  adjusted;  it  is  probably  a  family  character- 
istic not  to  put  on  weight  in  middle  life.  This  family  supports  the  view 
that  extreme  slenderness  is  a  recessive  condition,  or,  at  least,  is  determined 
by  prevailing  recessive  factors  (R:  Nob-1). 

Mating  4.  Other  Slender  x  Slender  Matings  (included  in  table  23). 

Since  by  hypothesis  slender  parents  will  rarely  carry  gametes  with 
more  than  1  factor  for  fleshiness,  it  becomes  important  to  consider 
the  remaining  slender  X  slender  matings,  i.  e.,  without  special  regard 
to  the  grandparental  conditions.  A  summary  of  the  distribution  of  the 
progeny  of  all  slender  X  slender  matings  is  given  in  Table  VI  (Ap- 
pendix). This  shows  that  of  51  grown  children  (resulting  from  24 
matings),  5  are  very  slender,  35  slender,  and  11  of  medium  build. 


BOTH   PARENTS   SLENDKK. 


57 


Here  is  a  great  preponderance  of  very  Blender  and  Blender  offspring— 
40  out  of  the  51,  and  all  of  the  11  of  medium  build  arc  below  the 
middle  class.    There  clearly  are  factors  which  driveeven  these  progeny 

of  two  slender  parents  in  some  cases  to  become  of  slightly  heavier 
build  than  their  parents,  and  this  result  is  to  be  expected  if  fleshy 
build  depends  on  several  zygotic  factors,  and  slender  build  lacks  all 
these  factors  but  two.  The  distribution  of  builds  in  the  offspring  <>f 
the  selected  slender  (and  very  slender)  parents  is  shown  in  table  23. 
The  percentage  distribution  of  the  progeny  is:  12  VS,  73  S,  L3  M 
2  F.  On  any  hypothesis  we  should  expect  a  large  proportion  of  slender 
offspring.  Close  conformity  to  any  theoretical  distribution  is  hardly 
to  be  expected  in  this  table,  owing  to  the  variety  of  matings  included. 

Table  23. — Summary  of  selected  slender  x  slender  matings,  and  those  of  very  slender  parents, 

together  with  their  progeny. 


VS 

s 

M 

F 

VF 

VS 

S 

M 

1 

\  1 

Ada  4 

2 
2 
1 

2 

4 
2 

1 
2 

*PaI 

1 
1 

1 

Cod  1 

Ran  4 

2 
1 
3 
2 

Fel 

Sch  8.  . . 

1 
1 
1 
1 

♦Fun  (a) 

Sch  37 .  . 

•Fun  (b) 

Hay  4 

Sco  5 

Shi  :, 

Bay  12 

1 
1 
1 

1 

*Smi.  . 

2 
3 
4 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

Hon  12 

1 

Ste  9.. 

1 

Wil  23 . . 

1 

Ker  5 

Law  7 

1 
1 

1 

1 
4 
3 
1 
3 
1 
3 
1 

You  9. . 

A  01  :44.  . . 

A  01  :  19. . 

♦Leo  (a) 
*Loo  (b) 

1 

A  01  :  60. . 

A  01  :  63 . . 

Lou  2 

McA2 

McC  11 

1 

Total 77 

Percentage  100 

9 

11    7 

56 
72  7 

.  D.  3 

L0 
13  n 

.13  ± 

2 
iU7 

1 

*M,>r 

Moan,  2S.50  ±0.2  1:  H 

Nob  1 

2 

Detailed  family  histories  of  these  slender  X  slender  matings  are 
given  herewith. 

Ada-4  Family. 

A  family  of  old  English  American  (Massachusetts  and  Ohio)  ~r"ek. 
living  in  Michigan  and  Kansas.  The  Father,  a  merchant,  who  in  youth 
suffered  from  brain  fever,  is  living  at  77  years,  having  had  at  50  y< 
the  formula  150/71  inches;  build  2.1  (30).  His  4  gibe  are  all  tail.  11  - 
father,  a  farmer,  died  at  49  years  from  typhoid.  At  10  years  his  formula 
160/70  inches;  build  2.3  (33).  His  mother,  who  had  6  children,  and  who 
was  always  well,  died  at  65  years  from  pneumonia.  At  10  yean  her  formula 
130/69  inches;  build  1.9  (27).  This  side  of  the  house  is  of  prevailill 
slender  to  medium  build. 

The  mother,  who  has  had  3  children  and  who  Buffered  in  middle  aire  from 
rheumatism  and  colitis,  is  living  at  66  years,  having  had  at  .">(>  years  the 


58  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

formula  120/66  inches;  build  1.9  (28).  Her  father,  a  farmer,  died  from 
paresis.  At  45  years  he  had  the  formula  175/69  inches;  build  2.6  (37). 
Her  mother,  who  in  middle  age  suffered  from  diphtheria,  died  at  73  years 
from  paralysis.  At  45  years  her  formula  130/68  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 
This  side  of  the  house  is  prevailingly  slender  (though  with  1  stout  grand- 
parent).   Two  grown  children: 

1.  Male,  a  photographer,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  tetanus,  has  at  25 
years  the  formula  140/71  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 

2.  Male,  a  teacher,  has  at  22  years  the  formula  130/70  inches;  build 
1.9  (27). 

Comment. — Both  slender  in  the  unadjusted  build  (R  :  Ada-4). 

Fel-1  Family. 

A  family  of  Scotch  and  Welsh  extraction,  living  mostly  in  the  mid-western 
United  States.  The  Father,  who  is  a  builder,  and  who  has  suffered  from 
several  attacks  of  inflammation  of  the  lungs,  is  living  at  50  years,  having 
the  formula  143/70.5  inches;  build  2.0  (29).  His  father,  who  was  in  busi- 
ness, suffered  from  lung  fever  and  was  almost  helpless  from  rheumatism 
several  years  before  he  was  killed  in  an  accident.  At  60  years  he  had  the 
formula  140/71  inches;  build  2.0  (28).  His  father's  father,  a  farmer,  died 
from  lung  fever,  became  emaciated  before  death.  At  38  years,  his  formula 
162/67  inches;  build  2.5  (36).  His  father's  mother,  who  had  6  children, 
and  who  was  always  well,  died  at  89  years  from  old  age.  At  30  years  her 
formula  96/60  inches;  build  1.9  (27).  His  mother,  who  had  4  children,  was 
liable  to  chronic  neuralgia.  She  died  at  68  from  pneumonia.  At  30  years 
her  formula  125/64.5  inches;  build  2.1  (30).  His  mother's  father,  who  died 
at  76  years  from  pneumonia,  had  the  formula  168/77  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 
A  prevailingly  slender  family. 

The  Mother,  who  has  only  1  child,  has  always  been  well.  She  is  living  at 
46  years,  having  the  formula  110/62  inches;  build  2.0  (29).  Her  father, 
who  was  an  expert  machinist,  always  well,  died  at  43  years  from  appendi- 
citis. Formula,  200/69  inches;  build  3.0  (42).  Her  mother,  who  had  but 
1  child,  was  always  well.  She  is  living  at  62  years,  having  the  formula 
120/61  inches;  build  2.3  (32).  A  slender  mother,  with  medium  to  stout 
parents. 

The  one  child,  a  male,  student,  alwavs  well,  has  at  19  vears  the  formula 
125/68.5  inches;  build  1.9  (27). 

Comment. — A  slender  child  (D  :  Fel-1). 

Hay-4  Family. 

A  family  of  Scotch  extraction;  grandparents  living  in  Massachusetts, 
New  York  State,  Kansas,  and  California.  Parents  living  in  Massachusetts, 
California,  Kansas,  and  Japan.  The  first  two  children  were  born  in  Japan, 
but  live  in  California,  where  the  rest  were  born.  The  Father,  who  is  a 
rancher,  has  at  54  years  the  formula  155/73  inches;  build  2.0  (29).  His 
father,  who  was  an  accountant,  died  at  67  years  from  apoplexy.  Their 
mother  died  from  tuberculosis.  Apparently  a  slender  strain  not  very 
resistant  to  tuberculosis. 

The  Mother,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  lung  fever,  has  at  45  years  the 
formula  123/65.5  inches;  build  2.0  (29).  Her  three  sibs  are  tall.  Their 
father,  who  was  a  merchant,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  tuberculosis  and 
died  from  it.  At  44  years  he  was  tall  and  slender.  Their  mother,  who  in 
middle  age  suffered  from  chronic  indigestion,  had  at  71  years  the  formula 


BOTE    PARENTS  SLi  MM.!;. 

155/64  inches;  build  2.7    (38).     This  side  of  the  house  is   prevailingly 
slender,  with  :i  possible  tubercular  diathesis.    Six  children: 

1.  Male,  a  forester,  has  at  23  years  the  formula  17()  76.8  inches;  build 

2.0  (20i. 

2.  Male,  a  student,  at  21  years  is  71.5  inches  tall. 

3.  Female,  at   18  years,  lias  the  formula   130/70  inches;  build    1  0    '-'7I. 
There  are  3  children  under  18  years.  2  slender  and  1  whose  build  i-  unknown. 

Comment.- — The  children  are  slender,  though  they  may  develop  into  adu 
of  medium  build  (B  :  Hay— 4). 

Hay-12  Family. 

A  family  of  English  and  Scotch  extraction,  living  in  Pennsylvania,  Wi  -' 
Virginia,  and  Washington,  D.  C.    The  Father,  who  i-  a  clerk,  alway-  well, 
is  living  at  67  years.    At  65  years  his  formula  150/74  inches;  build  1.0  (27  I 
Of  his  6  sibs,  3  are  slender  and  3  of  medium  build.    Their  father,  who  was 
State  senator,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  typhoid.     lie  died  at  85  years 
from  old  age.    At  75  years  his  formula  was  135/68  inches;  build  2.1    (29) 
Their  mother,  who  had  8  children  and  was  always  well  until  at    12  year- 
she  died   from   dropsy,   was   of   medium   build.     This   side   of   the    hou 
carries  a  tendency  to  slenderness. 

The  Mother  underwent  an  operation  at  63  years  for  tic  douloureux.  She 
is  living  at  67  years.  At  65  years  her  formula  108  64  inche-;  build  1.9  (27 
Of  her  0  known  sibs.  3  are  slender  and  3  fleshy.  One  of  the  corpulent 
brothers  has  2  children,  1  corpulent  and  1  medium.  Their  father,  who  was 
a  farmer,  always  well,  died  at  55  years  from  "congestion  of  spine,  result  of 
accident."  At  50  years  he  was  of  medium  build.  Their  mother,  who  had 
8  children,  was  always  well,  till  at  71  years  she  died  from  "adhesion  of 
bowels — caused  by  rupture."  Formula,  00/64  inches;  build  1.5  (22).  A 
prevailing  slender  family,  with  some  tendency  to  heavy  build.  Four 
children: 

1.  Female,  married,  who  in  youth  was  liable  to  goiter.  i<  at  3S  years  of 
medium  build. 

2.  Female,  married,  always  well,  is  at  36  year-  slender. 

3.  Male,  a  clerk,  always  well,  has  at  31  vears  the  formula  150/69  inch' 
build  2.2  (32). 

4.  Male,  a  clerk,  always  well,  has  at  25  vears  the  formula  135  71  inchi 
build  1.9  (27). 

Comment. — Two  of  the  children  are  slender,   like  both   parent-;   2 
medium  (R:  Hay— 12). 

Hkx-12  Family. 

A  family  of  Scotch  and  Irish  extraction.    The  grandparents  on  both  Bid 
of  the  house  were  southerners.     The  family   is  now  located  in   Florida,  m 
which  State  4  children  were  born. 

The  Father,  interested  in  farming,  had  at   40  year-  the  formula   140   70 
inches;  build  2.0  (29).    His  father,  who  was  killed  in  the  Civil  War, 
medium  build.    The  lather's  mother  died  al  30  years  from  child-biri 
was  also,  at  25  years,  of  medium  build. 

The  Mother  suffered  with  laryngitis  in  middle  ad  dad  of  it 

years.    Her  formula  then  was  112  63  inches;  build  1.0  (28).     II 
a  physician,  and  later  a  fruit  grower,  died  at  75  from  g"  aeral  debility.     At 
50  he  was  of  medium  build.     Her  mother  da  .1  at  85  from  old  ag 
50  a  medium  build.    Four  children  are: 


60  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

1.  Female,  at  25,  has  the  formula  96/66±  inches;  build  1.5  (22). 

2.  Male,  at  26,  has  the  formula  146/69  inches;  build  2.1  (31);  adjusted 
to  33  years,  151/69  inches;  build  2.2  (32). 

3.  Female,  at  25,  has  the  formula  115/67rt  inches;  build  1.8  (26±). 

4.  Male,  at  22,  has  the  formula  135/70+  inches;  build  1.9  (28±). 
Comment.— The  children  are  all  slender,  except  perhaps  one  of  slender- 
medium  build  (R  :  Hen-12). 

Law-4  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction,  living  mostly  in  Vermont  and  Minnesota. 
The  Father,  who  was  a  clerk,  died  at  25  years  from  "typhoid  pneumonia," 
having  the  formula  150/74  inches;  build  1.9  (27).  One  of  his  brothers  is 
tall,  one  very  tall.  Their  father,  a  farmer,  died  at  74  years.  At  50  years 
he  was  of  medium  build.  Their  mother,  who  had  5  children,  suffered  in 
middle  age  from  asthma;  grew  fleshy  at  50;  died  at  65  years.  Thus  the 
Father  is  a  slender  parent  of  medium  to  fleshy  ancestry,  who  died  young 
from  lung  trouble. 

The  Mother  suffered  in  youth  from  tonsillitis,  erysipelas,  and  diphtheria; 
in  middle  age  from  pneumonia  and  pleurisy.  She  is  living  at  45  years.  At 
22  years  her  formula  122/68  inches;  build  1.8  (26).  Two  of  her  sibs  were 
tall.  Their  father,  a  farmer,  suffered  in  youth  from  fever  and  ague.  He 
died  at  69  years  from  paralysis.  At  48  years  his  formula  165/68  inches; 
build  2.5  (36).  Their  mother,  who  had  5  children,  suffered  in  middle  age 
from  neuralgia.  She  died  at  67  years  from  heart  disease.  At  45  years  her 
formula  120/M;  build  2.1  (30).  A  slender  parent  who  has  had  troubles  of 
the  respiratory  tract.    Two  grown  children: 

1.  Male,  a  salesman,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  tonsillitis  and  diphtheria, 
has  at  26  years  the  formula  155/74  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 

2.  Female,  married,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  tonsillitis  and  diphtheria, 
has  at  25  years  the  formula  110/67  inches;  build  1.7  (25). 

Comment. — One  child  is  slender;  the  other  very  slender  (R  :  Law-4). 

Law-7  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction,  living  in  New  Jersey.  The  Father,  a 
clerk,  and  always  well,  has  at  43  years  the  formula  129/65.5  inches;  build 
2.1  (30).  His  father,  who  was  a  manufacturer,  suffered  in  youth  from 
typhoid  fever,  and  in  middle  age  from  pneumonia.  He  died  of  the  latter 
at  31  years;  was  of  medium  build.  His  mother,  who  had  4  children,  was 
always  well.  She  is  living  at  65  years  and  is  of  medium  build.  This  side 
of  the  house  brings  in  medium-slender  elements. 

The  Mother  has  always  been  well.  She  is  living  at  42  years,  having  the 
formula  115/64  inches;  build  2.0  (28).  Her  father,  who  was  a  grain  dealer, 
died  at  63  years  from  apoplexy;  he  was  of  medium  build.  Her  mother,  who 
had  3  children,  suffered  in  youth  from  pneumonia.  She  is  living  at  68  years 
and  is  tall  and  slender.  This  side  of  the  house  is  prevailingly  slender. 
Three  children: 

1.  Female,  a  teacher,  always  well,  has  at  18  years  the  formula  128/63.5 
inches;  build  2.2  (32). 

2  and  3.  Two  girls  at  11  and  8  years  who  are  below  average  build. 

Comment. — The  one  grown  child  is  of  medium  build,  somewhat  stouter 
than  her  Father;  the  other  two  children  are  rather  slender  for  their  ages 
(R  :  Law-7). 


BOTH  PARENTS  BLENDER. 


61 


Leo  Family.     (Fig.  23  i 

I  1,  J.  L.,  very  slender,  died  of  pneumonia.     His  wife,  I  2.  at  8  ri  is 
slender  and  measures  141  cm.  in  stocking  feet;  Bhe  baa  two 

are  slender.    There  are  5  children: 

II  4,  $  ,  was  183  cm.  tall  and  very  slender;  he  died  at  n;*  years  of  catarrh 
of  stomach. 

II  5,  s  ,  was  short  and  slender;  he  died  at  52  years  of  Bright's  di- 
ll 6,   9,  single,  is  165  cm.  tall  and  weighs  51.7  kg.   (65  in<  I   ill 

pounds) ;  index  1.9  (27),  obviously  slender. 
II  3,  9  ,  slender. 
II  7,  $  ,  always  slender. 
So  far  we  have  only  slender  persons  to  deal  with.    Now  enters  a  chanf 

II  3  married  a  fleshy  man  who  has  a  fleshy  Bister;  all  3  children  are  fleshy. 

Also  II  7  married  a  woman  whose  index  is  86.2  kg./114  cm.,  or  6.6  I  190  60 

inches,  or  53).    She  has  always  been  fleshy   (except  during  an  attack 


Mrrw  w  m 


12        13        14       15 


■  m  w  w  m 


17        18 


Fit;.  23. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  <>f  build  in  the  Leo  Family. 


anemia).  She  had  both  slender  and  fleshy  sibs.  Their  only  child  iIII  L) 
is  a  girl  of  9  years.  Her  relative  chest-girth  is  57  per  cent  instead  of  the 
49  per  cent  expected  at  that  age;  that  is,  she  is  fleshy.  Thus  the  two  mar- 
riages of  this  slender  stock  into  fleshy  lines  result  altogether  in  A  children, 

all  fleshy;  indicating  dominance  of  fleshiness. 

II  16,   S  ,  at  50  years  is  tall  and  slender.     He  has  1  slender  and   I  t!«  ahy 
and  very  fleshy  sibs.    His  father.  I  5,  was  slender;  his  mother  was  short  and 
weighed  86  kg.    (190  pounds).     He  married   II    17,  a  Blender  woman; 
2  living  children  are  tall  and  slender.    Thus  II  16  apparently  did  not  carry 
the  gene  for  fleshiness  from  his  mother  (73:  676 1. 

Lou-2  Family. 

A  family  of  Irish  and  English  extraction,  living  mostly    in   Ne*    York 
State.    The  Father,  who  is  a  doctor,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  "nen 
breakdown,  indigestion,  and  stomach  trouble";  is  living  at  •><>  y<  nd  haa 

the  formula  155/73  inches;  build  2.0  (29).     His  three  brothers, 
living,  are  tall.     Their  father,  who  BUrvives,   is  a    tanner  and   Buffered   m 
middle  age   from  "nervousness."     Their   mother  dad    from   conaumpt 
"caused  from  taking  care  of  son  who  died  from  sanx 


62  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

The  Mother,  who  is  living  at  50  years,  has  the  formula  115/65  inches; 
build  1.9  (27).    Two  children: 

1.  Female,  a  student  (married),  has  at  25  years  the  formula  110/66.5 
inches;  build  1.8  (25). 

2.  Female,  a  student,  has  at  22  years  the  formula  120/68  inches;  build 
1.8  (26). 

Comment. — Both  children  are  now  slender,  but  may  approach  a  medium 
weight  as  they  grow  older  (R  :  Lou-2). 

McA-2  Family. 

A  Scotch-English  family  living  chiefly  in  Ohio.  The  Father,  a  farmer, 
had  an  attack  of  diphtheria  in  middle  life,  is  energetic,  and,  at  62  years, 
has  the  formula  135/70  inches;  build  1.9  (28).  His  sister  died  of  tuber- 
culosis. Their  father,  somewhat  easy-going,  was  a  farmer,  had  typhoid  fever 
and  died  of  cancer  at  68  years.  His  formula,  135/72  inches;  build  1.8  (26). 
Their  mother,  of  mediocre  activity  and  mentality,  died  at  36  years,  having 
borne  4  children.  Two  of  her  sisters  died  of  pneumonia.  She  was  of 
medium  build.    This  side  of  the  house  tends  to  slenderness. 

The  Mother,  who  once  had  typhoid  fever  and  is  physically  active,  has.  at 
60  years,  the  formula  120/65  inches;  build  2.0  (28)/  Her  father,  who  had 
typhoid  fever  in  the  army  and  was  very  active,  had  the  formula  180/74 
inches;  build  2.3  (33).  The  Mother's  mother,  who  was  also  very  active, 
was  of  medium  build.  This  side  of  the  house  brings  in  a  slender-medium 
tendency.    Three  children: 

1.  Female,  a  teacher,  who  has  had  typhoid  fever  and  her  tonsils  and 
appendix  removed,  is  energetic,  and  has  a  formula  at  30  years  of  109/64 
inches;  build  1.9  (27). 

2.  Male,  a  student  and  farmer,  who  has  had  diphtheria  and  typhoid  fever, 
energetic,  at  28  years  has  the  formula  135/69  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 

3.  Male,  student  and  farmer,  who  has  always  been  well,  energetic,  weighed 
9  pounds  at  birth,  formula  at  23  years,  138/69  inches;  build  2.1  (29). 

Comment. — The  unadjusted  build  of  the  children  averages  the  same  as 
the  parents  and  differs  little  from  them;  it  is  hardly  probable  that  they  will 
reach  the  adjusted  weight. 

McC-11  Family. 

A  family  of  Scotch  and  English  extraction,  living  in  the  Middle  West  and 
northwestern  United  States.  The  Father,  who  is  a  proof-reader,  suffered 
in  youth  from  fever  and  ague.  He  is  living  at  74  years,  having  at  48  years 
the  formula  140/68  inches;  build  2.1  (30).  His  father,  who  was  a  farmer, 
died  at  87  years  from  dysentery.  At  40  years,  his  formula  160/T;  build 
say  2.3  (33).  Their  mother,  who  had  4  children,  died  at  29  years  "prob- 
ably from  effects  of  child-birth."  At  26  years  she  was  of  medium  build. 
This  side  of  the  house  probably  contributes  a  tendency  to  slender  or  slender- 
medium  build. 

The  Mother  suffered  in  youth  from  tonsillitis  and  asthma;  in  middle 
age  from  nervous  prostration  and  abscess.  She  is  living  at  60  years,  having 
had  at  36  years  the  formula  130/65.5  inches;  build  2.1  (30)/  Her  father, 
who  was  a  farmer  and  carpenter,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  internal  abscess 
and  rheumatism.  He  died  at  72  years  from  apoplexy.  At  40  years  he  was 
of  medium  build.  Her  mother,  who  had  4  children,  died  in  child-birth,  at 
27  years;  she  was  of  medium  build.  This  side  of  the  house,  likewise,  con- 
tributes a  tendency  to  slender  or  medium  build.    Two  children: 


BOTH    PARENTS  BLEND 


1.  Female,  a  student,  who  in  youth  Buffered  from  tonsillitis  and  d< •: 
ness,  has  at  28  years  the  formula  125  Cm.;}  inches;  build  2  1   (30) 

2.  Male,  a  farmer,  who  in  youth  Buffered  from  asthma,  enlargen*  i  I 
liver,  and  attacks  similar  to  epilepsy,  has  at  25  years  the  formu      18 
inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

Comment. — Both    children    are    of    medium    or    slender-medium    build 
(R:McC-ll). 

Mob  Family,     i  Fig.  2  I  I 

IV  3,  $  ,  at  46  years  is  short  and  very  Blender.    He  married  a  tall,  slender 

woman;  their  son,  at  22  years,  is  tall  and  slender. 

D-rO 


■^rw,      ftrO 


2        3       4        5 


7       8 


m 


10 


DtO  m 

12 


•  ih#  St©  4,  •  ik#  liiiOi^.iniiTi.DTO  <w 

2        3       4        5       6        7       3        9        \0        II       12        tt        14      15      16  - 


10        II       12 


2       3  4         I 


13        l4      15      16 


il<flD  M  ED  (DP  En 

8        9       10        il 


7 


ED  <i>  II  CQ  4 

12- 


Fio.  24. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  Imild  in  Moh  family 


IV  19,   9  ,  is  tall,  like  her  Father's  father,  and  very  slender.     She  has   1 
li  nder  and  3  or  4  fleshy  sibs  and  both  of  her  parents  were  fleshy.     II-  I 
husband  is  182  cm.  (72  in.)  tall  and  very  -lender.    They  have  :*  children, 
all  tall  and  slender. 
The  Mother  apparently  carries  no  "fleshy"  gametes   (73:  '".to 

Pal  Family,     i  Fig.  25.) 

Ill  2,  J.  T.  C,  6  ,  at  64  years  is  of  medium  height  and  slender.    One  o 
sisters  is  slender  and  one  (III  7)  at  56  years  is  157  cm.  tall  (without  8 
weighs  74  kg.  net,  and  has  a  chest-girth  of  10")  cm.  m  t.     Tin-  gh  i  la- 

tive  chest-girth  of  67  per  cent.     This  Bister  is  thus  very  fl<  Ti 

father  (II  3)  was  of  medium  build,  his  wile  rather  fleshy.     J.  T.  ' 
III  3,  is  of  medium  height  and  very  slender,  though  her  two  parents  • 
medium  build. 

The  two  surviving  children  are: 


64 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


IV  1,  $  ,  at  43  years  weighs  165  pounds  and  is  62  inches  tall.  She  has 
thus  an  index  of  build  of  3.0  (43)  and  is  fleshy. 

IV  2,  34  years  old  is  very  slender;  she  is,  however,  an  invalid  and  bed- 
ridden. Here  we  have  a  well-authenticated  record  of  two  slender  parents 
with  a  fleshy  daughter;  obviously  both  of  the  slender  parents  must  have 
carried  gametes  with  one  or  more  genes  for  fleshiness;  and  a  combination 
of  such  genes  induced  fleshy  build  in  the  child. 

Comment. — A  rather  remarkable  family  in  that  a  slender  X  very  slender 
mating  has  produced  a  fleshy  child,  as  well  as  a  very  slender  one.  But  the 
slender  Father  doubtless  carries  2  or  possibly  (and  exceptionally)  3  zygotic 


B-HflD 


m 


©Ollh©  H 


I       2 


12 


3         4      5 


0 


m 


2        3  4       5        6       7 


Fig.  25. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build  in  Pal  family. 


factors  for  build  (on  the  6-zygotic  factor  hypothesis) ;  for  his  mother  was 
fleshy  and  a  sister  very  fleshy.  On  this  hypothesis  the  very  slender  Mother 
may  contribute  one  such  factor  (73  :  709). 

Ran-4  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction,  living  in  New  York  State  and  Massa- 
chusetts. The  Father,  who  is  an  editor,  has  at  58  years  the  formula  150/72 
inches;  build  2.0  (29). 

The  Mother  has  at  56  years  the  formula  130/66  inches;  build  2.1  (30). 
Her  brother  died  at  55  years  from  tuberculosis;  height  72  inches.  Her 
father,  a  minister,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  bronchial  consumption  and 
died  of  it  at  60  years.  Her  mother,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  dropsy 
and  consumption,  in  middle  age  from  rheumatism,  died  at  96  years  from 
heart  trouble.  This  side  of  the  house  is  slender-medium ;  probably  because 
of  tuberculosis.    Three  children: 


BOTH  PARENTS  SLENDER.  65 

1.  Male,  secretary  of  an  insurance  company,  who  in  youth  suffered  from 

hav  fever,  catarrh,  and  typhoid  fever,  has  at  30  yean  the  formula  1  l1 

inches;  build  1.9  (27). 

2.  Female,  has  at  25  years  the  formula  130/69  inches;  build  1  0 

3.  Female,  a  clerical  worker,  has  at  24  years  the  formula  120/70  incl  i 
build  1.7  (25). 

Comment. — All  3  children  are  of  slender  build  (one  very  Blender)  in  the 
unadjusted  ratio.  It  seems  a  little  doubtful  whether,  with  the  inheritance 
they  have,  they  will  ever  reach  the  medium  build  iK  :  Ran— 4). 

Scii-8  Family. 

A  family  of  mixed  German  and  American  origin,  living  in  Connecticut 

The  Father,  a  master  mechanic,  always  well,  has  at  51  years  the  formula 
132/66  inches;  build  2.1  (30).  His  father,  a  farmer,  always  well,  died  at 
67  years  from  heart  failure;  formula  180/72  inches;  build  2.4  (35).  Hi- 
mother,  who  had  3  children  and  who  was  always  well,  died  at  (»7  years  of 
heart  failure.  Formula,  115/63  inches;  build  2.0  (29).  This  Bide  of  the 
house  is  slender-medium. 

The  Mother,  who  has  3  children,  has  at  47  years  the  formula  120/64 
inches;  build  2.1  (29).  Her  two  sisters  are  tall.  Her  father,  a  foreman  and 
always  well,  has  at  73  years  the  formula  184/69  inches;  build  2.7  (39 1.  Her 
mother  was  of  average  stature.  This  side  of  the  house  might  he  expected  to 
help  determine  slenderness  in  the  children.    Three  children: 

1.  Male,  a  stenographer,  well,  has  at  21  years  the  formula  130/66  inch.  - 
build  2.1  (30)   (adjusted  to  49  years,  144/66  inches;  build  2.3  (33 n. 

2.  Male,  a  student,  always  well,  has  at  19  years  the  formula  138/66 
inches;  build  2.3  (32)  [adjusted  to  49  years.  157/68  inches;  build  2  A  (34)  |. 

3.  Female,  at  13  years,  is  very  slender,  even  for  her  age. 
Comment. — The  children  are  slightly  below    (one   is  close  to)    aver 

build  (R  :Sch-8). 

Sco-5  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction,  living  mostly  in  middle  western  United 
States.  The  Father,  a  broker,  who  in  middle  aire  Buffered  from  cirrhosis 
the  liver,  has,  at  57  years,  the  formula  140/70  inches;  build  2.0  (29).  His 
father,  a  lumberman,  died  at  60  years  from  paralysis,  having  the  formula 
170/68  inches;  build  2.6  (37).  His  mother  died  at  75  years  from  arterio- 
sclerosis; formula  100/64  inches;  build  1.7  (24). 

The  Mother  has  at  49  years  the  formula  110/62  inches;  build  i'  0  (29) 
Her  father,  a  wholesale  merchant,  died  at    63  years   from  Barcoma.      Hil 
formula  170/69  inches;  build  2.5   (36).     Her  mother,  who  has  2  children, 
has  at  74  years  the  formula  90/61  inches;  build  2.1    (24).     Three  children: 

1.  Male,  a  surveyor,  has  at  25  years  the  formula  150  68  inches;  build 
2.3  (32). 

2.  Male,  a  clerk,  has  at  23  years  the  formula  135  67  inches;  build  2.1  (30). 

3.  Male,  a  student,  has  at  20  years  the  formula  L25  65  inches;  build 
2.1  (30). 

Comment.— The  unadjusted  build  of  the  children  i-  only  a  point  or  two 
greater  than  that  of  the  parents  (B  :  Sco-5). 

Shi-  5  Family. 

A  family  of  English  and  German  extraction.     The  Father's  parent*  m 
born  in  England.     The  Mother's  parents  were  born  in  Germany. 


66 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


parents  and  their  one  child  were  born  in  New  York  City,  where  the  family 
is  now  settled. 

The  Father,  inclined  to  indigestion  in  middle  age,  has,  at  47,  the  formula 
143/70  inches;  build  2.1  (29).  His  father,  a  dry-goods  man,  has  bronchial 
trouble  in  middle  age.  At  73  his  formula  is  145/70.5  inches;  build  2.0  (29). 
The  Father's  mother,  having  borne  2  sons  and  4  daughters,  died  of  kidney 
trouble  and  pneumonia  at  52  years  of  age.  Her  formula,  at  51,  was  150/65 
inches;  build  2.5  (36). 

The  Mother,  who  suffered  from  bronchitis  in  youth,  at  46  has  the  formula 
120/67  inches;  build  1.9  (27).  Her  father  died  around  the  age  of  35  from 
wounds  received  in  the  Civil  War.  He  was  of  medium  build.  Her  mother 
at  71  years  of  age  has  the  formula  85/56  inches;  build  1.9  (27).  One  grown 
child: 

1.  Female,  at  19,  has  the  formula  145/67  inches;  build  2.3  (32). 

Comment. — The  child  is  somewhat  of  heavier  build  than  either  parent 
and  may  approach  the  build  of  her  Father's  mother  (R  :  Shi-5). 

Smi  Family.     (Fig.  26.) 

II  9,  M.  E.  S.,  9  ,  at  74  years  is  162.5  cm.  (64  inches)  tall  without  shoes 
and  weighs  48  kg.  (106  pounds)  net.     Her  index  of  build  is  1.9  (27);  she 


m 


1UU.U 


[It© 


<fo. 


n  nhi  ii  m  ™ 


7       S 


Fig.  26.— Pedigree  chart  of  part  of  Smi  family. 

is  slender.  All  of  her  6  sibs  are  fleshy  or  very  fleshy  and  so  are  their  two 
parents  (I  1,  2).  Her  husband  was  tall  and  slender.  They  had  4  children: 
(1)  a  boy,  who  died  at  19  of  "kidney  trouble";  he  was  slender.  (2)  and  (3) 
died  young;  (4)  female,  at  33  is  172  cm.  (68  inches)  tall  and  weighs  59  kg. 
(129  pounds)  net;  index  2.0  (28)  ;  she  is  slender.  Thus  the  mating  of  two 
slender  persons  (one  arising  in  the  midst  of  fleshy  stock)  has  resulted  in  2 
slender  children  (73  :  736). 

Wil-23  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction,  living  in  New  York  State  and  Connecticut. 
The  Father,  who  is  a  teacher,  is  living  at  61  years.  At  45  years  he  had 
the  formula  155/72  inches;  build  2.1  (30).  One  of  his  sisters  died  from 
"quick  consumption."  His  father,  who  was  a  farmer,  always  well,  died  at 
61  years  from  pneumonia.  At  45  years  he  was  of  medium  build.  His 
mother,  who  had  10  children,  was  always  well.  She  is  living  at  81  years. 
At  45  years  she  was  of  medium  build.  This  side  of  the  house  might  be 
expected  to  determine  medium  build  in  children. 


MOTH    PARENTS  BLEND]  R. 

The  Mother  suffered  in  youth  from  pneumonia,  in  middli  phoid 

fever  and  hernia.  She  is  living  at  63  year-  A'  !~>  years  her  formula  i 
125/66  inches;  build  2.0  (29).  Her  brother  died  at  55  years  from  tul 
culosis  of  larynx.    Her  father,  who  was  a  farmer,  alwa  1.  died 

years  from  "cancer  of  the  face."  At  50  years  he  was  of  medium  build.  I 
mother,  who  had  5  children,  was  always  well.     She  died  al   67  -tin 

typhoid  pneumonia;  was  slender.    Five  children: 

1.  Male,  a  buyer,  always  well,  has  at  30  years  the  formula  1  15  T.'i  in 
build  1.9  (27). 

2.  Male,  an  electrical  engineer,  who  in  youth  Buffered  from  typhoid  fever, 
has  at  29  years  the  formula  185/75  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

3.  Male,  a  physician  and  surgeon,  who  in  youth  Buffered  from  typhoid 
and  in  middle  age  from  acute  nephritis,  has  at  27  years  the  formula  1  i~>  72 
inches;  build  2.0  (28). 

4.  Female,  a  teacher,  always  well,  has  at  25  years  the  formula  138  69 
inches;  build  2.1  (29). 

5.  Male,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  typhoid  fever,  has  at  22  year-  I 
formula  150/74  inches;  build  1.9  (27). 

Comment. — The  unadjusted  builds  of  4  of  the  children  is  a  little  less  than 
the  parental  builds  of  30  and  29.  The  adjusted  builds  are  a  point  <>r  I 
higher.  In  the  case  of  child  No.  2  we  have  an  exceptionally  large  index 
of  build  for  this  fraternity  of  2.3  (33).  It  is  possible  that  the  tubercular 
tendency  on  both  sides  may  have  pulled  down  the  hereditary  potentiality  of 
one  or  both  parents   (R  :  Wil-23). 

Yhi    9   1'amii.v. 

A  family  of  Pennsylvania  Dutch  blood;  all  horn  in  and  about  Pennsyl- 
vania. The  Father,  an  educationalist,  ha-  had  in  middle  age  a  nervous 
breakdown  and  bronchial  trouble.  At  44  he  has  the  formula  lis  64  im 
build  2.1  (29).  His  father,  a  miller,  died  of  old  age  at  76.  At  lis  1.,-  bad  the 
formula  130/60  inches;  build  2.5  (36).  The  Father'-  mother  having  had 
7  sons  and  4  daughters,  died  of  old  age  at  82.  Win  n  75  she  had  the  formula 
120/59  inches;  build  2.4  (34).  It  is  possible  that  the  bronchial  trouble  may 
have  reduced  the  Father's  build  somewhat  below  it-  normal  potentiality  - 

The  Mother,  inclined  to  nervous  disorders,  at  43  had  the  formula  98 
build  2.0  (28).     Her  father,  a  railroad  man.  had  malarial   fever  m  middle 
age.    At  70  he  has  the  formula  160/66  inches;  build  2.6  (37).     Her  mother 
in  youth  had  bronchial  trouble  and  St.  Vitus  dance  and   in  middle  age, 
asthma,  pneumonia,  rheumatism,  nervous  prostration,  etc     She  died  at 
from  a  complication  of  diseases.     At  the  time  of  her  death  -he  bad  I 
formula  80/59  inches;  build  1.6  (23).    The  two  children  an 

1.  Female,  has  had  bronchitis  and  encephalitis,  at    19  has  the   formula 
94/59.5  inches;  build  1.9  (27). 

2.  Female,  at  15  years  is  slender  for  her  ag 

Comment. — Slender  children  from  two  Blender  parents  (R  .  You 

A  :  01  19  Family. 

A   family  of  probable   English   extraction.     The   Fathei  yer,   i- 

troubled  with  catarrh,  but  otherwise  his  general  health  i-  prettj    g 1.     At 

20  vears  of  age  he  had  the  formula  129.5/70  inches;  build  2.0    26 

The  Mother  has  good  general  health,  although  troubled  with  palpi! 
of  the  heart  and  headache.    At  20  years  -he  had  the  formula  106  "1  im 
build  2.0  (29). 


68  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

The  one  daughter  for  whom  data  are  given  has  had  numerous  children's 
diseases.  Her  general  health  is  now  good.  At  18  years  of  age  she  has  the 
formula  114/64  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 

Comment.— Parents  and  child  are  all  slender  (A  :  011d-19). 

A  :  01-44  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction.  The  Father,  a  dentist,  has  good  general 
health,  but  habitual  constipation.  At  20  years  of  age  he  had  the  formula 
140/68  inches;  build  2.1  (30). 

The  Mother  has  occasional  headaches.  At  the  age  of  18  her  formula  was 
104/62  inches;  build  1.9  (27). 

The  son  has  general  good  health,  but  is  inclined  to  kidney  trouble,  skin 
diseases,  and  headache,  presumably  from  his  eyes.  At  18  he  has  the 
formula  124/66;  build  2.0  (29)  A  :  011d-19). 

A  :  01-60  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction  with  some  Irish  and  Scotch  blood  in 
addition. 

The  Father,  a  minister,  has  had  pneumonia  and  dyspepsia,  but  his  general 
health  is  good.  At  22  years  he  had  the  formula  132.5/68  inches;  build 
2.0  (29). 

The  Mother  has  had  piles  and  slight  attacks  of  rheumatism.  Her  general 
health  is  very  good.  At  19  years  she  had  the  formula  110/64  inches; 
build  1.9  (27).    The  one  child  for  whom  data  are  available  is: 

1.  Female,  inclined  to  rheumatism  and  kidney  trouble,  like  her  Mother. 
She  has  had  practically  all  children's  diseases,  and  at  19  her  formula  is 
108/65  inches;  build  1.8  (26). 

Comment. — Both  parents  and  their  child  are  slender  (A  :  011d-60). 

A  :  01-63  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction.  The  Father,  a  teacher,  is  in  good  health. 
At  45  his  formula  is  134/69  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 

The  Mother's  health  is  generally  good.  She  is  inclined  to  some  skin 
trouble  and  is  troubled  with  headache  and  habitual  constipation.  At  34 
years  she  had  the  formula  97/59  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 

The  one  child  is  a  son  in  general  good  health,  although  he  has  rheuma- 
tism and  constipation.  He  is  also  subject  to  frequent  colds  and  grippe. 
At  19  years  of  age  he  has  the  formula  111/68  inches;  build  1.7  (24). 

Comment. — Both  parents  and  the  child  are  of  slender  build  (A  :  011d-63). 

Summary  of  S  X  S  Matings. 
The  gametic  constitution  of  slender  parents  is  certainly  very 
diverse.  Assuming  that  both  slender  parents  produce  only  gametes 
of  the  type  Abe,  their  offspring  would  be  exclusively  of  the  type 
AAbbcc,  which  we  may  take  as  a  zygotic  formula  for  slender  progeny. 
Assume  that  in  another  case  both  slender  parents  have  the  zygotic 
formula  AaBbcc;  then  they  would  each  produce  gametes  ABc,  Abe, 
aBc,  and  abc.  Uniting  at  random,  these  gametes  would  produce 
zygotes  as  follows: 

Number  of  dominant  factors.  .  .  4  3  2  10 

Proportions 6.25  25         37.5  25         6.25 


BOTH  PARENT8  BLENDER. 

Thus  a  very  variable  progeny  would  he  produced:  very  Blender, 
slender,  medium,  and  fleshy.  Now  it  seems  probable  thai  the  totals 
of  table  23  are  a  combination  of  these  two  kinds  of  matings  and 
another  which  would  yield  very  slender,  slender,  and  medium  off- 
spring in  the  proportions  of  25,  50,  and  25,  respectively. 

Considering  only  the  families  of  table  23  who  have  3  or  more 
children,  we  get  a  total  distribution  for  these  children  of: 

vs      s       M 

5         34         4 

If  we  subtract  from  the  S  total  the  16  children  who  belong  exclu- 
sively to  slender  fraternities,  the  children  who  remain  have  the  dis- 
tribution 5  :  18  :  4,  which  is  fairly  close  to  the  1:2:1  ratio  of 
6.75  :  13.5  :  6.75  which  is  to  be  expected  from  a  mating  of  parents  of 
the  zygotic  constitution  AAbbcc  and  AaBbcc  respectively. 

We  conclude,  therefore,  that  the  S  X  S  matings  are  gametically 
of  two  kinds,  one  slightly,  the  other  more  greatly  variable.  The  dis- 
tribution found  is  determined  by  a  combination  of  these  two  kinds. 

Also,  the  statistical  results  of  the  distribution  of  the  progeny  of 
S  X  S  matings  are  in  harmony  with  the  hypothesis  that  slender 
parents  in  extreme  cases  carry  not  more  than  two  zygotic  factors  for 
fleshy  build.  The  slender  parent  is,  accordingly,  to  be  regarded  as 
one  who  carries  gametes  with  prevailingly  recessive  factors. 

Class  II.     Both  Parents  Fi.kshy. 

Next  we  turn  to  the  matter  of  inheritance  of  fleshiness  in  fleshy 
stock.  That  fleshiness  may  be  a  true  hereditary  character  is  indicated 
by  the  existence  of  fleshy  races  of  men.  Examples  are  the  South- 
Russian  Jews,  especially  of  the  female  sex:  and  certain  of  the 
Chinese,  who  have  strikingly  short  legs.  The  matter  is  discussed  in 
more  detail  at  page  7.  The  fact  that  the  body  reacts  to  food  and 
climate  must  not  blind  us  to  the  constitutional  factors  that  arc  prob- 
ably present  in  racial  obesity.  At  any  rate,  it  becomes  of  interest  to 
inquire  as  to  inheritance  of  fleshiness  in  families  characterized  by  the 
trait.  For  this  purpose  we  shall  consider  various  matings  betw< 
more  or  less  fleshy  parents. 

Mating  l.  One  Parent  is  Veby  Fleshy,  the  Otheb  I'm -m    (oh  Van    Fleshy)  m 

Fleshy  Stock.     (Table  24.) 

From  this  mating  of  "pure"  or  nearly  "pure"  fleshy  parents  are 
derived  (table  24)  50  offspring:  2  S,  11  M.  23  F,  It  VF,  or,  in  per- 
centages, 4  S,  22  M,  46  F,  28  VF.  This  distribution  of  the  total  d< 
not  agree  with  the  4-zygotic-factor  hypothesis  (p.  41),  which  gi 
a  filial  distribution  of  50  F,  50  VF.  It  agrees  better  with  the  5-factOf 
hypothesis  (p.  43),  assuming  the  proper  dividing-line  between 
fleshy  and  very  fleshy  to  lie  somewhere  in  column  5.  and  the  mating 


70 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


to  be  of  the  5-factor  X  4-factor  type.  On  this  assumption  we  have  a 
percentage  of  17  M  and  F  +  83  VF.  This  approaches  the  proportions 
found.    Accordingly,  the  6-factor  hypothesis  is  preferable. 

The  progeny  are  more  variable  than  those  derived  from  two  slender 
parents  as  5.74  ±  0.39  is  to  3.13  ±  0.17. 

Details  concerning  the  families  included  in  table  24  are  given  below. 

Table  24. — Matings  of  a  very  fleshy  parent  and  a  fleshy  parent  of  fleshy  stock,  together  with 

their  progeny. 


*  Also  4  younger  children,  10  to  one-half  years,  all  fleshy  for  their  ages. 

Can  Family.     (Fig.  27.) 

A  family  of  Italian  extraction,  living  in  a  poorly  furnished,  very  much 
overcrowded,  home  in  a  poor  Italian  neighborhood  in  a  factory  city. 
I  1,  $  ,  was  tall  and  very  fleshy;  died  of  "heart  disease." 

I  2,  9  ,  was  tall  and  very  fleshy  and  had  a  brother  of  similar  build.  This 
very  fleshy  pair  had  3  children,  as  follows: 

II  1  and  II  4  both  very  fleshy.  II  5  at  46  years  171  cm.  (67  inches)  tall 
(without  shoes)  and  weighing  96  kg.  (212  pounds)  net;  build  3.3  (47),  very 
fleshy.  His  chest-girth,  106  cm.  net;  relative  chest-girth  62  per  cent,'  The 
result  suggests  that  the  parents  were  homozygous  for  fleshiness. 

II  5  married  II  6,  who  at  45  years  is  152  cm.  (60  inches)  tall  (in  bare  feet) 
and  weighs  over  90  kg.  (200  pounds),  build  3.9  (56).  Her  net  chest-girth 
is  110  cm.,  relative  chest-girth  is  72.  This  very  fleshy  pair  has  9  surviving 
children,  as  follows:  the  eldest,  III  3,  a  boy  at  23  years  is  said  to  be  slender 
(not  seen),  married,  without  children.  The  second,  III  5,  $  ,  at  22  vears 
is  fleshy,  as  he  has  always  been;  married,  without  children.  Ill  7,  $  ,  at 
19  years  is  slender  but  was  fleshy  until  the  age  of  18  years.  Ill  8,  $  ,  at  17 
years  is  short  and  fleshy.  Ill  9,  $  ,  at  12  years  is  short  and  fleshy.  Ill  10, 
9  ,  at  10  years  is  136  cm.  (53.5  inches)  tall,  and  weighs  about  45  kg.  ( 100 
pounds) ;  build  2.5  (35).  Her  chest-girth  is  85  cm.  net,  relative  chest-girth 
63.  This  indicates  a  girl  of  far  above  average  relative  chest-girth,  fleshv. 
Ill  12  is  a  girl  of  9  years  with  a  relative  chest-girth  of  80  -=- 135  or  5*9, 


BOTH    PAREN  is    I  I.l.sil  v. 


71 


fleshy.    Ill  13  is  a  boy  of  5  years;  his  relative  chest-girth  i  112  01  61, 

fleshy.    Ill  14  is  a  6-months-old  baby  weighing  64  kn.  or  14.1  pounde  : t r i<  1 

very  chubby. 

Comment. — Thus  with  the  exception  of  the  first    (of  whom  no  details 
were  obtained),  all  of  the  children  are,  or  have  been,  fleshy;  tin- 
suggests  that  both  parents  are  homozygous  for  fleshiness.    The  meaning 
the  exceptional  son  is  uncertain;  various  hypothesee  may  be  entertained: 
illegitimacy,  poor  health   following  a   fleshy   childhood,  the  possiblt 
ence  of  a  factor  for  slenderness  in  both  parental  gamete-  (73  ;  652). 


m 


<> 


■rrO.Qii 


Fig.  27. — Pedigree  chart  of  Cam  family. 

Ekb-1  Family. 

A  family  of  Swedish  extraction;  parents  emigrated  to  Illinois,  where  all 
the  children  were  born.    The  Father,  a  farmer,  suffered  in  middle     _      rom 
dropsy  and  severe  headaches.    He  is  living  at  56  year-,  having  the  formula 
225/67  inches;  build  3.5  (50).    He  has  6  sibs:   (1)  brother,  dead,  :■ 
250/70  inches;  build  3.6  (51);  (2)  brother,  225/66  inches;  build 
(3)  sister,  180/63  inches;  build  3.2  (45).     Others  are  not  described.     Their 
father,  a  farmer,  died  at  79  year-  from  "gangrene  subsequent  to  senile  paral- 
ysis," having  a  formula  170/M  inches;  build,  say  2.6  (36).     Their  mother 
died  at  79  years  from  senile  paralysis,  having  the  formula  200  M 
build,  say  3.5  (50). 

The  Mother,  who  in  youth  and  middle  age  suffered  from  at 

51  years  the  formula  160/65  inches;  build  2.7  (38).    Two  of  her  brotl 
and  one  sister  are  tall  and  nervous.    Of  the  6  children,  1  survive  as  adu 

1.  Male,  a  university  instructor,  nervous,  has  at  30  years  formula 
190/70  inches;  build  2.7  (39);  adjusted  to  55  yi  202  7"  inches,  build 
2.9  (41). 

2.  Male,  a  university  instructor,  who  in  youth  suffered   from  p<>h 
elitis,  has  at  28  the  formula  200  OS  inches;  'huh.1  3.0     : 

years.  212/68  inches,  build  3.2  (46). 

3.  Female,  who  suffered  in  youth  from  headaches,  has  at  2 
formula  180/64  inches;  build  3.1  (44) :  adjusted  I  ears,  196  64  in< 
build  3.3  (48). 

4.  Male,  a  farmer,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  headache-,  has  i  I  22  ; 
the  formula  180/68  inches;  build  2.7   (39);  adjust* 

inches,  build  3.0  (43). 


72 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


Comment. — The  Father  is  perhaps  duplex  for  heavy  build;  all  of  the 
children  have  a  build  that  is  above  the  average,  and  2  of  the  4  are  very 
fleshy.  Thus,  obesity  runs  through  three  generations  without  skipping  any 
(R:Ekb-l). 

Faz  Family.     (Fig.  28.) 

A  family  of  Italian  extraction,  of  the  artisan  class,  living  in  comfortable 
homes. 

II  5,  a  man  who  was  183  cm.  (72  inches)  tall  and  weighed  over  90  kg. 
(200  pounds) ;  build  2.7  (39)  ;  fleshy  now  as  "always."  The  4  others  of 
his  fraternity  and  their  father  were  all  fleshy;  data  are  lacking  about  the 
mother's  build. 

II  6,  the  consort  of  above,  died  at  66  of  cerebral  hemorrhage;  was  of 
medium  stature,  say  160  cm.  (63  inches)  and  weighed  100  kg.  (225  pounds) ; 
build  4.0  (57).    This  obese  woman  has  a  sister,  who  is  150  cm.  (59  inches) 


•  1  1  ■  Br*  At*  ®,A 

12        3        4       5         6        7        8        9        10       II 


ID 


1  £•  oA  ii  ix  1 1 


m 


ft 


m 

10      II 


l 


12         I3*nf.   4 


I 

Fig.  28. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build  in  Faz  family. 

tall  and  weighs  90  kg.  (200  pounds),  build  4.0  (57),  same  as  her  sister. 
Her  relative  chest-girth  is  111  cm.  -r- 150,  or  74  per  cent,  a  huge  girth. 
Two  other  living  members  of  her  fraternity  are  in  Italy  and  their  build  is 
unknown.  The  father  of  this  fraternity  (16)  is  fleshy,  has  3  fleshy  sibs  and 
1  of  medium  build.  The  mother  is  also  fleshy.  This  looks  like  a  "pure" 
fleshy  strain. 

There  are  3  children:  (1)  9  ,  32  years,  married,  is  166  cm.  (65  inches) 
tall  and  weighs  97  kg.  (214  pounds);  build  3.6  (51);  very  fleshy.  Her 
relative  net  chest-girth  is  105  cm.  -r- 166  or  63.  (2)  She  has  a  sister,  II  14, 
38  years,  married,  who  is  156  cm.  (61  inches)  tall  and  weighs  78.5  kg.  (173 
pounds)  net;  build  3.3  (47),  very  fleshy.  Her  net  relative  chest-girth  is 
105  cm.  —■  156,  or  67.  She  has  always  been  fleshy.  (3)  A  man  of  22  was 
very  fleshy  up  to  the  age  of  17  years,  but  he  is  said  now  to  be  tall  and  thin, 
though  well.    He  is  not  married. 


BOTH    PARENTS   FLESHY. 


Comment.— This  result  is  difficult  to  interpret.    A  mating  of  two  "pure" 

strains  of  obesity  produces  3  offspring,  all  of  whom  were   fleshy   h. 
adolescence  and  of  whom  2  remain  very  fleshy;  but    1    (at   22 
said  to  have  become  "thin"  since  the  age  of  17  years.     It  seems  probable 
that  he  also  should  be  recorded  as  essentially  fleshy  (73  :  666). 

Flo-3   Family,      i  Fig.   29.) 

This  is  a  family  of  which  all  grandparents  and  Father  w.n  bora  in  north 
Ireland;  the  children  were  horn  and   reared  in  Greater   New    York. 
Father,  a  blacksmith  and  fanner,  Buffers  from  digestion  troubles;  at  63  his 
formula  185/65  inches;  build  3.1   (44).     1 1  i-  father,  a  blacksmith,  died  at 
40  of  acute  indigestion;  his  formula  204/70  inches;  build  2.9    (42).      II. 
mother,  who  died  of  pleurisy  at  50  years,  had  the  formula  200  69  ini 
build  2.9  (42).    Thus  this  side  of  the  house  is  of  stout  build. 

The  Mother  has  at  60  years  the  formula  200/64  indie-;  build  3.4  (49). 
She  is  fat,  good-natured,  and  a  poor  housekeeper.  Her  father,  who  was  a 
carpenter  and  killed  by  an  accident  at 
47  years,  had  the  formula  180/70  inches; 
build  2.6  (37).  Her  mother,  who  died 
of  old  age  at  75  years,  had  the  formula 
140/63  inches;  build  2.5  (35).  No 
''direct"  heredity  appears  in  the  Mother's 
obesity.    The  7  children: 

1.  Male,  a  bookkeeper,  who  has  spinal 
curvature,  has  at  38  years  the  formula 
140/60  inches;  build  2.7  (39);  but  this 
i>  clearly  abnormally  high,  associated 
with  his  pathologically  short  stature. 

2.  Female,  a  musician,  has  at  36  years 
the  formula  160/68  inches;  build  2.4 
(35);  adjusted  to  50  years,  173/68 
inches;  build  2.7  (37). 

3.  Male,  a  detective,  fond  of  outdoor  life,  has  at  32  years  the  formula 
190/69  inches;  build  2.8  (40);  adjusted  to  50  vears,  200/69  inches;  build 
3.0  (42). 

4.  Male,  an  army  officer,  at  29  vears  186/71  inches;  build  2.6  (37); 
adjusted  to  50  years,  199/71;  build  2^8  (39). 

5.  Male,  a  policeman,  with  a  historv  of  pneumonia,  at  27  years,  200  72 
inches;  build  2.7  (39);  adjusted  to  50  years,  215  72  inches;  build  2.9  (42). 

6.  Female,  a  teacher,  subject  to  indigestion,  at  21  years,  131  65  incl  i 
build  2.2  (31) ;  adjusted  to  50  years,  150/65  inches;  build  2.5  (36). 

7.  Male,  in  the  automobile  business,  with  a  history  of  pneumonia,  has  at 
20  years  the  formula  168/68  inches;  build  2.6  (36);  adjusted  to  50 
187/68  inches;  build  2.8  (40). 

Comment. — The  build  of  the  children  is  rather  uniformly  between  2.1 
and  2.9  (42),  mostly  in  the  stout  class,  like  the  Father,  but   far  below  the 
obese  Mother  (R  :  Flo-3). 

( roi    A  Family  . 

A  family  of  English  extraction,  living  in  Maine.  The  Father,  at  86,  had 
the  formula  160/67  inches;  build  2.5  (37). 

The  Mother,  at  60,  had  the  formula  250  68  inches;  build  MS  (541  Her 
eldest  brother  weighed  200  pound-   :it    •'<()  yean       Her  youngest    brother 


m 


Fig.  29— Pedigree  chart  showing  distribu- 
tion <>f  build  in  tli^  I  u>-3  family. 


74 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


1 


D 


weighed  220  pounds  at  50  years.  Her  father  had  the  formula  190/72  inches ; 
build  2.6  (37),  at  70  years.  Her  mother  had,  at  70  years,  the  formula 
225/66  inches;  build  3.6  (50).    Four  grown  children: 

1.  Female,  at  48,  has  the  formula  210/66  inches;  build  3.4  (48). 

2.  Male,  at  46,  160/68  inches;  build  2.6  (35). 

3.  Male,  at  44,  180/67  inches;  build  2.8  (40). 

4.  Female,  at  40,  140/66  inches;  build  2.3  (32). 

Comment. — Obesity  appears  in  three  generations  in  the  direct  line  with- 
out a  break;  2  of  the  4  children  are  of  medium  build,  less  than  either  parent 
(S  :Gou-A). 

Lyn  Family.     (Fig.  30.) 

I  1,  3  ,  from  Ireland,  died  at  54  of  brain  fever;  was  173  cm.  (68  inches) 
tall  and  weighed  78  kg.  (175  pounds);  build  2.7   (38);  fleshy.     His  sister 

weighs  90  kg.  He  married  I  2,  an 
Irish  woman,  who  died  at  68  years. 
She  was  155  cm.  (61  inches)  tall  and 
weighed  84  kg.  (185  pounds)  ;  build 
3.5  (50)  ;  very  fleshy.  She  had  a 
sister  who  was  fleshy.  The  pair  had 
7  children  who  grew  up: 

(1)  Male,  fleshy;  (2)  6  ,  of  me- 
dium build;  (3)  $  ,  died,  at  50  years, 
of  pneumonia,  his  stature  169  cm. 
(66.5  inches)  ;  weight  63.5  kg.  (140 
pounds);  build  2.2  (31);  medium; 
(4)  <5  ,  died  at  70  years,  stature  173 
cm.  (68  inches) ;  weight  72.5  kg. 
(160  pounds);  build  2.4  (35 1;  me- 
dium. (5)  £  ,  died,  at  37  years,  of 
pneumonia;  stature  173  cm.  (68  inches)  ;  weight  82  kg.  (180  pounds) ;  build 
2.7  (39)  ;  fleshy.  Married  to  a  fleshy  woman,  lie  has  a  child  who  is  165  cm. 
(65  inches)  tall,  weighs  72.5  kg.  (160  pounds)  ;  build  3.2  (46)  ;  very  fleshy. 
(6)  2  ,  at  56  years,  stature  160  cm.  (63  inches  I ,  weight  63  kg.  (139  pounds) ; 
build  2.4  (34)  ;  medium.  Her  net  relative  chest-girth  is  95-^-  160.  or  36  per 
cent.  Though  now  of  medium  build  (or  less),  she  used  to  be  very  fleshy, 
weighing  over  80  kg.  (175  pounds);  build  3.1  (44).  She  may  properly  be 
classified  as  of  stout  build,  secondarily  reduced.  (7)  8  ,  aged  54  years,  is 
178  cm.  (70  inches)  tall;  and  weighs  103  kg.  (227  pounds;  build  3.2  (46)  ; 
very  fleshy.  His  net  relative  chest-girth  is  117  cm.  -^  178,  or  66  per  cent. 
This  man  has  always  been  fleshy;  at  21  years  he  weighed  90  kg.  (200 
pounds). 

Comment. — This  seems  to  be  nearly  a  "pure"  F  X  F  mating.  Of  the 
progeny  4  are  fleshy  (or  very  fleshy)  and  3  medium  (73-684). 


m  w 

Fig.  30. — Pedigree   chart   showing   distribution 
of  build  in  the  Lyn  family. 


(Fig. 


31.) 


McL-A  Family. 

A  family  of  Scotch  extraction  from  Maine.     The  Father   (II  9).  at  77 
years,  had  the  formula  200/73  inches;   build  2.6    (38).     Of  his  8  sibs: 

(1)  Brother,  at  70  years,  had  the  formula  170/69  inches;  build  2.5   (36). 

(2)  Brother,  at  75  years,  200/74  inches;  build  2.6  (37).  (3)  Brother,  at  65 
years,  210/73  inches;  build  2.8  (39).  (4)  Brother,  at  78  years,  200/74 
inches;  build  2.6  (37).  (5)  Brother,  at  71  years,  215/75  inches;  build  2.7 
(38).     (6)  Sister,  at  75  years,  170/65  inches;  build  2.8  (40).     (7)  Sister,  at 


BOTH    PARENTS   FLESHY. 


7.-, 


65  years,  200/67  inches;  build  3.1    (45).     (8)   Sister,  at  68  years,   190/66 
inches;  build  3.1    (44).     Their  father,  at  85  years.  200/72  inches;   build 
2.7  (39).    Their  mother,  at  80  years.  150/65  inches;  build  2.5  (36). 
The  Mother  (II  10),  at  74  years,  had  the  formula  100  66  inches;  build 

3.1  (44).  Of  her  9  sibs:  (1)  Brother,  at  80  years,  170/70  inch.-;  build  2  i 
(35).  (2)  Brother,  at  60  years,  200/77  inches;  build  2.4  (34).  (3)  Brother, 
at  55  years,  180/72  inches;  build  2.4  (35).  (4)  Brother,  at  70  years,  200/74 
inches;  build  2.6  (37).  (5)  Brother,  at  80  years.  200  73  inches;  build  2.0 
(38).  (6)  Sister,  at  60  years,  150/64  inches;  build  2.6  (37).  (7)  Bister,  at 
65  years,  160/63  inches;  build  2.8  (40).  (8)  Sister,  at  70  year-.  175/64 
inches;  build  3.0  (43).  (9)  Sister,  at  75  years,  180/63  inches;  build  3.2 
(45).  Their  father,  at  70  years,  175/72  inches;  build  2.4  (34).  Their 
mother,  at  86  years,  200/67  inches;  build  3.1  (45).     12  children: 

1.  Female,  at  47  years,  has  the  formula  180/63  inches;  build  3.2  (46  I 

2.  Male,  at  22  years,  22/72  inches;  build  2.7    (39):   adjusted  to  55+ 
years,  221/72  inches;  build  3.1  (43). 


m 


10      II  "2 
Fig.  31. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build  in  the  Mi  I.- A  family. 

3.  Male,  at  58  years,  180/72  inches;  build  2.4  (35). 

4.  Male,  at  50  years,  230/71  inches;  build  3.2  (46i. 

5.  Male,  at  43  years,  160/72  inches;  build  2.3  (31  i ;  adjusted  to  55  J  i  ars, 
163/72  inches;  build  2.2  (32). 

6.  Female,  at  70  years,  130/66  inches;  build  2.1   (30). 

7.  Female,  at  38  years,  180/67  inches;  build  2.8   (40);  adjusted  to  55 
years,  189/67  inches;  build  3.0  (42). 

8.  Female,  at  65  years,  160/65  inches;  build  2.7   '38). 

9.  Female,  at  61  years,  180/63  inches;  build  3.2  (45). 

10.  Female,  at  54  years,  175/66  inches;  build  2.8   (40). 

11.  Female,  at  52  years,  125/64  inches;  build  2.1    (31). 

12.  Female,  at  50  years,  130/65  inches;  build  2.2   (31). 
Comment.— Mother's  mother,  Mother,  and  3  children  nut  of  12  1 

build  of  3.1  to  3.2  (44  to  46 1,  very  fleshy;  :•!  children  have  a  build  ol  2  I 
(30  to  31),  a  lower  index  than  any  parent,  uncle,  aunt,  or  grandparent 
Evidently  fleshy  stock  may  yield  gametee  with  oot  more  than  2  or  even 
only  1  gamete  for  fleshy  build.     (See  p.  43. 1     (8:  McL  A.  i 

Nic-5  Family. 
A  family  of  English  extraction;  paternal   grandparents  born   in   Massa- 
chusetts and  Kentucky;    family   living   mostly    m   Ohio.     The    I  a 


76 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


farmer,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  rheumatism  and  lupus.  He  is  a  distant 
cousin  of  his  wife.  He  died  at  67  years,  having  at  60  years  the  formula 
175/65  inches;  build  2.9  (41).  His  father,  a  farmer,  died  at  65  years  from 
kidney  trouble;  was  corpulent.  His  mother,  who  had  8  children,  died  at 
70  years;  was  corpulent. 

The  Mother,  who  has  2  children,  suffered  in  youth  from  pneumonia.  She 
is  living  at  70  years,  having  the  formula  165/60.5  inches;  build  3.2  (45). 
Her  father,  a  farmer  and  surveyor,  who  died  at  78  years,  had  a  formula 
175/M,  and  build,  say,  2.7  (38).  Her  mother  had  7  children  and  died  at 
78  years,  having  the  "formula  160/M;  build,  say,  28  (40).  The  2  grown 
children: 

1.  Male,  a  farmer,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  lung  fever,  has  at  41  years 
the  formula  150/64  inches;  build  2.6  (37);  adjusted  to  55  years,  154/64 
inches;  build  2.7  (38). 

2.  Female,  married,  has  at  38  years  the  formula  190/61.3  inches;  build 
3.6  (51) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  198/61.3  inches;  build  3.7  (53). 

Comment. — There  are  3  generations  of  corpulent  persons;  in  the  last 
generation  1  is  very  fleshy  and  1  fleshy  ( R  :  Xic-5 ) . 

Whe  Family.     (Fig.  32.) 
I  1,  <5  ,  fleshy;  his  wife,  I  2.  fleshy;  3  children  about  whom  something  is 
known. 


m 


E- 


J^ 


>• 


Ab.\ 


3   d-YG.' 


Fig.  32. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build  in  the  Whe  family. 

II  1,  o  ,  fleshy;  married  a  fleshy  woman  and  had  5  children,  none  of  whom, 
it  is  said,  are  fleshy.  II  2,  $  ,  died  at  over  75  years;  fleshy.  II  3,  $  ,  died 
at  80  years;  was  of  medium  weight.  Thus,  in  this  generation,  2  fleshy 
and  1  of  medium  build. 

III  9,  $  ,  at  61  years  has  a  stature  of  160  cm.  (63  inches)  and  weight  of 
73  kg.  (162  pounds) ;  build  2.8  (40) ;  fleshy.  Nothing  is  known  about  the 
build  of  his  relatives.  His  wife  is  III  10,  age  64,  stature  156  cm.  (61 
inches);  weight  88  kg.  (194  pounds);  build  3.7  (52);  very  fleshy,  relative 
chest-girth  112  h-  156,  or  72  per  cent.  When  she  married"  at  29  years  she 
weighed  160  pounds  and  did  not  begin  to  grow  fleshy  until  50  years.     She 


BOTH   PARENTS    II! 


had  4  sibs,  about  whose  build  something  is  known     (1)   HI  2,    i  .  died 

70  of  uterine  cancer;  stature  156  cm.  (61  incl  • 

pounds) ;  build  over  3.8  (54);  very  fleshy.     f2)   III  3, 

of  "heart  trouble";  stature  153  cm.  (64  inches) ;  weight  77kg.  (170  poui 

build  2.9  (42) ;  fleshy.    He  married  a  woman  of  medium  build  and  had  a 

who,  at  45  years,  has  a  stature  of  163  cm.  (64  inches)  and  weig   I       BO  kg 

075  pounds);  build  3.0  (43);  fleshy.     (3)   III  6,   ?  .  always  Blender.     I  \< 

III  7,  <s  ,  died  at  60  of  diabetes :  he  weighed  over  90  kg.  (200  po  in 
became  very  thin  of  disease  before  his  death.     Be  had  '_'  fleshy  children; 
1,  indeed,  quite  obese. 

The  union  of  these  two  fleshy  -train-  represented  in  III  9  and   10  I 
produced  6  children,  as  follows:  1 1 )  IV  9,  $  .  died  at  33,  wa  .  "  and  by 

a  slender  wife  (whose  mother  was  fleshy)  has  a  fleshy  lit! 

IV  11,   9  ,  at  32  years,  has  stature  168  cm.  (66  inches)  and  weight  93 
(206  pounds) ;  build  3.3  (48)  ;  very  fleshy.     Relative  chest-girth  1  19       168 
or  73  per  cent.    (3)  IV  12,  $  ,  at  30  years,  has  stature  180  cm.  '71  inches) : 
weight  82  kg.   (180  pounds);  build  2.5   (36);  medium;  fleshy  and  growing 
fleshier.     (4)  IV  13,   9  ,  at  28  years,  stature  159  cm.   (62.5  inches  i.  w. 

79  kg.  (174  pounds);  build  3.1  (44);  very  fleshy.    Her  relatr  girth 

107^159  or  68  per  cent.    She  was  a  slender  child;  at  her  marriagi 
years  she  weighed   145  pounds  and   began   to  gain   alter  the   birth  of  her 
second  child.     Married  to  a  man  of  build  35.4  or  medium  fleshy  (wl 
weighed  200  pounds)  and  with  3  stout  brothers  and  5  slender  Bisters;  they 
have  2  children,  a  son  of  4  years  who  has  a  relative  chest-girth  of  56  per 
cent  and  is  of  medium  build,  and  a  daughter  who  at  2  years  has  a  relat 
chest-girth  of  64  per  cent,  which  is  above  the  average  for  that  i  (5) 

IV  14,   9,  at  26  years,  stature  157  cm.   (62  inches);  weight  86  kg.   (190 
pounds) ;  build  3.5  (49) ;  very  fleshy.    Her  relative  chest-girth  is  1 L9      157, 
or  77  per  cent.     (6)  IV  15,   9,  at  23  years,  stature  165  cm.   (65  inch 
weight  88  kg.   (194  pounds);  build  3.2  (46) ;  very  fleshy. 

Comment. — This  union  of  a  fleshy  and  a  very  fleshy  person  (the  latter  of 
a  fleshy  strain)  produces  4  very  fleshy  and  2  fleshy  progeny  (including  1 
medium  near  the  fleshy  line  and  growing  fleshier  I.  This  approaches  a  "pure 
line"  of  fleshiness  (73  :  754). 

Mating  2.  Both  Parents  Fleshy  of  Fleshy  Sto<  k.  (Table  25,  from  Table  Kill 

From  this  mating,  as  shown  in  table  25,  there  are   15  offsprii 
1  S,  5  M,  8  F,  1  VF.    In  this  case  one-fifteenth  of  the  offspring 

Table  25. — Mating.?  of  two  fleshy  parents,  both  of  fleshy  stock-,  together  with  tfu 
[The  indices  of  the  build  of  tho  progeny  have  been  adjusted.] 


FF 

I'M 

1 

Fathi 

-.ill-. 

MF 

MM 

M 

Mother's 

,-i1 

V8 

- 

M 

1 

\  1 

Dol  3..  . 
Lan  A   . 
Sle  2... 

Thr  2. .  . 

Total 

36 
37 
36 
27 

38 

37 
40 
3  4 

in 
37 
39 

37 
13 

37 
38 

11 
37 

l.: 

in 
in 

in 

37.  36,  29 

I 

I 

\  1  .;.  1  ::.  M3 

. 

1         > 

A,  37.57  ±0.82. 


S.  D..  4.70  ±  0.52. 


*  Not  shown  in  figure  32. 


78  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

slender,  which  suggests  a  trihybrid  ratio  and  that  there  are  at  least 
3  pairs  of  factors  present  for  fleshiness;  and  that,  of  these,  3  or  2  pairs 
are  present  in  each  parent  (table  18).  It  may  be  that  in  the  Dol-3, 
Sle-2,  and  Thi-2  families  the  parental  gametes  carry  fewer  genes  for 
fleshiness.    Details  are  given  in  the  following  histories. 

Dol-3  Family. 

A  family  of  German  extraction  living  in  Ohio.  The  Father,  an  inventor, 
suffered  in  youth  from  typhoid,  has  at  59  years  the  formula  180/67  inches; 
build  2.8  (40).  His  father,  an  inventor  and  machinist,  died  at  73  years 
from  "old  age,"  with  the  formula  165/M  inches;  build,  say,  2.5  (36).  His 
mother,  always  well,  died  at  70  years  from  "general  debility,"  with  the 
formula  140/S  inches;  build,  say,  2.7  (38). 

The  Mother,  who  underwent  an  operation  for  "fatty  tumor,"  is  living  at 
57  years,  having  the  formula  175/66  inches;  build  2.8  (40).  Three  of  her 
sisters  died  in  infancy  from  convulsions.  Her  father,  a  bookkeeper,  died 
at  98  years  from  a  paralytic  stroke,  having  the  formula  160/66  inches;  build 
2.6  (37).  Her  mother's  build  was  180/66,  or  3.7  (41).  The  5  children 
who  grew  up: 

1.  Female,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  diphtheria,  has  at  30  years  the 
formula  118/64  inches;  build  2.0  (29) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  131/64  inches; 
build  2.2  (32). 

2.  Male,  a  machinist,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  diphtheria,  has  at  27 
years  the  formula  160/73  inches;  build  2.1  (30);  adjusted  to  55  years, 
176/73  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

3.  Male,  a  student,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  typhoid,  has  at  25  years 
the  formula  150/68  inches;  build  2.2  (32);  adjusted  to  55  years,  164/68 
inches;  build  2.5  (36). 

4.  Male,  a  man  of  science,  always  well,  has  at  23  years  the  formula 
150/68  inches;  build  2.3  (32);  adjusted  to  55  years,  166/68  inches;  build 
2.5  (36). 

5.  Female,  a  teacher,  always  well,  has  at  20  years  the  formula  120/64 
inches;  build  2.1  (29) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  139/64  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

Comment. — Both  stout  parents  come  of  stout  or  medium  stock.  Of  the 
children,  3  are  slender,  2  are  medium.  Adjusted,  all  are  of  medium  build 
(R  :  Dol-3). 

Lan-A  Family. 

A  family  from  the  State  of  Washington.  The  Father  at  82  years  had 
the  formula  180/70  inches;  build  2.6  (37).  His  3  sibs  are:  (1)  brother,  at 
50  years,  160/74  inches;  build  2.1  (29);  (2)  brother,  at  26  years,  190/73 
inches;  build  2.5  (36) ;  (3)  sister,  at  70  years,  180/70  inches;  build  2.6  (37). 
Their  father,  at  90  years,  had  the  formula  200/74  inches;  build  2.6  (37); 
their  mother  at  95  years,  160/66  inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

The  Mother  at  52  years  had  the  formula  170/65  inches;  build  2.9  (40). 
Her  one  sister  at  78  years,  145/64  inches;  build  2.5  (35).  Her  father  at  54 
years,  200/68.5  inches;  build  3.0  (43).  Her  mother  at  82  years,  170/68 
inches;  build  2.6  (37).    The  two  children: 

1.  Male,  at  58  years,  has  the  formula  240/68.5  inches;  build  3.6  (51). 

2.  Female,  at  48  years,  120/64  inches;  build  2.1  (29). 

Comment. — Details  concerning  this  family  are  lacking,  From  two  stout 
parents,  one  of  whom  has  a  slender  2.1  (29)  brother  and  the  other  a  father 


BOTH  PARENTS  FLESHY. 

of  build  3.0  (43),  arise  two  children  with  indices  of  3.6  (51)   arid  2.1    (2 
respectively  (S  :  Lan-A). 

Slb-2  Family. 

A  family  of  Irish  extraction  living  in  Michigan.     The  Father,  a  lawyer, 
is  recorded  to  have  suffered  from  no  illnesses,     lie  died  at  52  yean  from 
"dipsomania,"  having  the   formula   200/72   inches;   build   2.7    (39).      II  - 
father,  a  shoemaker,  is  living,  having  partially  lost  hie  mind  through 
sive  use  of  tobacco.    He  has  at  83  years  the  formula  150/85  inches;  build 

2.5  (36).  His  mother  died  at  50  years  from  "cancer  of  the  breast/'  having 
the  formula  170/65  inches;  build  2.8  (40). 

The  Mother,  who  suffered  in  middle  age  from  asthma,  i-  Living  at  ~>\ 
years,  having  the  formula  170/68  inches;  build  2.6  (37).  Her  father,  a 
lumber  dealer,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  typhoid  fever  and  erysipelas, 
and  died  of  old  age  at  84  years,  having  the  formula  180/70  inches;  build 

2.6  (37).  Her  mother,  who  had  "swelling  and  lameness  of  hand-,  due 
perhaps  to  gout,"  was  killed  at  78  years  by  a  fall  due  to  defective  Bight. 
Her  formula  was  180/65  inches;  build  3.0  (43).    The  2  children: 

1.  Male,  a  teacher,  has  at  28  years  the  formula  175/71  inches;  build  2.4 
(35) ;  adjusted  to  53  years,  189/71  inches;  build  2.7  (37). 

2.  Female,  a  school  teacher,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  diphtheria,  I 
at  25  years  the  formula  160/65  inches;  build  2.7  (38) ;  adjusted  to  53  v 
177/65  inches;  build  3.0  (42). 

Comment. — The  two  fleshy  parents  and  fleshy  grandparents  have  2  chil- 
dren whose  adjusted  build  is  fleshy  (R  :  Sle-2). 

Thr-2  Family.     (Fig.  33.) 

In  this  family  the  Father  is  the  same  as  child  No.  2  of  family  Thr-1 
(p.  138).  It  lives  in  Iowa.  The  father  (III  4i,  a  physician,  had  at  25 
years  a  weight  of  180  pounds,  height  69  inches;  build  2.7  (38).  At  70  year- 
he  weighs  188  pounds,  height  68.7  inches;  build  2.7  (39).  His  5  brothers 
were  of  about  medium  build,  "called  sturdy,  hearty  boys";  they  all  became 
stout. 

Their  father,  though  of  slender  build  (following  lung  disease!  in  middle 
life,  "took  on  flesh"  in  later  life;  probably  came  to  be  of  "fleshy"  build. 
Their  mother  was  of  medium  build. 

The  Mother  (III  5)  weighs  around  170  pounds  and  is  65  inches  tall; 
thus  a  build  of  2.8  (40).  Her  parents  (II  5-6)  each  had  a  build  o!  2.7  (38). 
The  6  children  (IV  1-6) : 

1.  Male,  weighed  10  pounds  at  birth;  when  in  high  school  he  weighed 
160  pounds;  at  the  university  was  a  football  player;  at  36  he  weighed  I'lii 
pounds,  and  at  41  he  weighs  about  200.  His  build  is  probably  about 
3.0  (43). 

2.  Female,  is  "very  large";  at  35  years  she  weighs  about  lso  pounds, 
stature  65.5  inches;  build  3.0  (42). 

3.  Female,  at  33  is  of  the  same  weight  and  Btature  a-  her  Bister;  build 
3.0  (42). 

4.  Male,  weighed  at  23  years  about  117  pounds;  at  33  yean  up  I 
pounds;  at  36  weighs  about  190  pounds;  Btature  71  inches;  build  2  7 

5.  Female,  at  26  has  a  weight  of  175  pound:-.  Btature  66  inches;  build 
2.8  (40). 

6.  Male,  weighed  while  in  the  Navy  at  23  years  17.">  pound-,  statun  70 
inches;  build  2.5  (36);  at  26  he  weighs  165  pound-;  build  2.7   '38). 


80 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


Comment. — In  this  family  both  parents  are  of  fleshy  build  and  all  the 
children  are,  likewise,  of  fleshy  build  (R  :  Thr-2). 

Mating  3.  Other  Very  Fleshy  x  Very  Fleshy  Matings.  (Table  XV.) 

There  are  7  instances  of  this  type  of  mating.  These  are  sum- 
marized in  table  XV,  Appendix.  An  examination  of  this  table  shows 
that  in  all  families  with  2  or  more  offspring  one  or  more  of  them  are 
obese.  There  is  no  case  of  slender  offspring,  though  12  out  of  30,  or 
two-fifths,  are  of  medium  build  and  only  10,  or  one-third  of  all,  are 
very  fleshy.  This  indicates  the  presence  of  recessive  factors  in  the 
very  fleshy  parents.  It  suggests  further  that  there  are  two  or  more 
pairs  of  factors  that  must  be  present  to  produce  very  fleshy  children. 
Assuming  that  there  are  two  factors  and  that  both  parents  are 


m 


E 


15 


RWfa 


oil    lorge    we!!  proportioned 

Fig.  33. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build  in  the  Thr-1,  2  families. 

heterozygous  for  one  of  them,  we  should  expect  very  fleshy,  fleshy, 
and  medium  offspring  in  about  the  proportions  of  25  :  50  :  25,  which 
distribution  is  not  very  close  to  the  actual  proportions  of  40  :  27  :  33. 
On  the  assumption  of  3  pairs  of  factors,  we  might  expect  17  :  32  :  49 
respectively  from  a  4  X  5  factor  mating.  Or  the  4X4  factor  mating 
would  give  on  one  hypothesis  31  (S  +  M)  :  38  :  31,  which  is  closest 
of  all.    All  of  these  very  fleshy  parents  are  heterozygous. 

Table  XV  shows  also  that  when  all  grandparents  are  knowrn  there 
is  always  one  on  each  side  who  is  at  least  of  grade  36. 

The  contrast  between  the  families  of  table  II  and  table  XV  is  this: 
In  table  II,  of  the  20  grandparents  40  per  cent  are  slender  or  very 
slender.    In  table  XV  of  20  grandparents  only  30  per  cent  are  fleshy, 


BOTH    PAREN1  S  FU 

the  others  are  of  lower  grades  of  build.  Accordingly  we  are  appa  i 
justified  in  concluding  thai   some  of  the  very  fleshy  pai   i 
heterozygous  in  the  faciei-  f<  r  build;  and,  indeed,  a-  stated, 
children  12  are  of  medium  build.    Table  11  c  mtains  Blend*  i 
table  X\'  largely  heterozygous  ones.     The  detailed  hist< 
cases  follows. 

Bow-P.  Family.     <  Fiu.  34.) 

A  Virginia  family,  probably  of  English  >toek.  The  Father  has  tin-  formula 
200/66.5  inches;  build  3.2    (45).     His   father   had  the    formula    1*7  * 
inches;  build  3.2  (45).    Hi?  mother  had  the  formula   L65  66  inches;  build 
2.7  (38).    Thus  this  side  of  the  house  has  a  fleshy  or  very  fleshy  build 

The  Mother  has  the  formula  220/68  inch«> ;  build  3. 1  (48).  Her  3 
brothers,  all  6  feet  tall  or  more,  each  has  a  build  of  about  3.'..  lb  r  2  tall 
sisters  have  builds  of  38  and  50  respectively.  Her  father  had  the  formula 
190/73  inches;  build  2.5  (36).  Her  mother  had  the  formula  90  62  in 
build  1.6  (23).  Thus  this  side  of  the  house,  aside  from  the  fleshy  mother, 
has  prevailingly  medium  build.    The  mother's  mother  was  i  veil  slender. 

Six  children: 

1.  Male,   at    56   years,   222  • 
g§,  m              [H-rO                    inches;  build  3.5  .:,().. 

2.  Male,    175  69    inch*  -:    build 
2.6  (37). 

3.  Male.    240  73    inches;    build 

3.2  (45). 

4.  Female,  200  65  inches;   build 

3.3  (47). 

5.  Female.   Is7  68  in<  hes;  build 

Fig.  34. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution      2.8    (40). 

build  in  the  Bow-b  family.  6.  Female.  170  64  inches;  build 

2.9  (42). 
Comment. — Thus  of  the  children,  half  are  fleshy   and  half  very   ' 
and  one  exceeds  any  record  of  build  in  either  side  of  the  house.    T  I  her 

acts  like  a  homozygous  dominant  (S  :  Bow-B  I . 

Bow-2  Family.     (Fig.  34a.) 

The  grandparents   and  parents  were   born    in   Cornwall,    England;   the 
children,  except  the  first,  in  Connecticut. 

The  Father,  II  6,  a  contractor,  who  suffered  from  hernia  and  flat   foot, 
had,  at  66,  the  formula  200/67  inches;  build  3.2  (45).    Two  of  his  Bibs  died 
of  consumption;   other  sibs   are  as   follows:    ill    Bister,   has   the    formula 
225/66  inches;  build  3.7  (52);   (2)  brother,  ha-  formula  225  67.5  im 
build  3.4  (49);   (3)   brother,  has  formula  225  66  inches;  build  52); 

(4)  sister,  has  formula  200/65  inches;  build  3.3  (47);  (5)  Bister,  has  formula 
190/66  inches;  build  3.1    (44 1.     Some  of  these  Buffer   from  van 
and  one  is  bow-legged.    Their  father,  who  was  a  Bhoemaker,  and  asthmat 
died  at  77  years  of  arterio-sclerotic  hemorrhage  "i  lungs      Formula  150 
inches;  build  2.4   (34).     Their  mother  had   varicose  veins  on  thr   leg  ami 
died  at  68  years  of  "stoppage  of  the  bowels."    Formula  250  66  inches;  build 
4.0  (57).    This  is  an  extraordinary  family  of  very  fleshy  peopli 
father's  father,  who  had  lung  trouble),  tin  obesity  coming  from  tin-  Tim- 
mins  side,  of  Penryn,  Cornwall. 


82  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

The  Mother,  II  7,  who  was  much  subject  to  sore  throat,  indigestion,  and 
piles,  died  of  dropsy  and  cancer  of  the  liver,  at  57  years.  Formula  180/61.5 
inches;  build  3.4  (48).  One  of  her  sisters  died  of  consumption;  other  sibs 
were  as  follows:  (1)  $  ,  died  of  pneumonia;  formula,  150/68  inches;  build 
2.3  (32) ;  (2)  $  ,  died  at  47  years;  formula,  150/65  inches;  build  2.5  (36) ; 
(3)  9  ,  has  the  formula  136/60  inches;  build  2.7  (38).  The  mother's  father 
was  a  miner;  had  asthma  and  miner's  disease,  and  died  at  59  years  of 
paralytic  shock.  Formula,  180/66  inches;  build  2.9  (41).  Her  mother  died 
at  69  years  of  pneumonia.  Formula,  120/61  inches;  build  2.3  (32).  Except 
for  the  very  fleshy — 3.4  (48) — Mother,  this  side  of  the  house  is  less  fleshy 
than  the  other.    Five  grown  children: 

1.  Male,  who  has  had  naso-pharyngeal  infections,  has  at  43  years  the 
formula  140/67.5  inches;  build  2.1  (30);  adjusted  to  55+  years,  144/67.5 
inches;  build  2.3  (32). 

2.  Female,  who  has  suffered  from  naso-pharyngeal  infections,  diarrhea, 
and  nervous  exhaustion,  has  at  42  years  the  formula  112/61.5  inches;  build 
2.1  (30);  adjusted  to  55+  years,  117/61.5  inches;  build  2.2  (31). 


f§£ — i — (§^ 


*%0       |~W3       4  W5        61        7    *"*        9™Ml 


m  I        2  w3        4 


Fig.  34a. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build  in  Bow-2 

family. 

3.  Female,  subject  to  indigestion,  has  at  40  years  the  formula  125/62.5 
inches;  build  2.3  (32) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  131/62.5  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

4.  Male,  a  bricklayer,  subject  to  diarrhea,  has  at  35  years  the  formula 
135/67  inches;  build  2.1  (30);  adjusted  to  55  years,  143/67  inches;  build 
2.3  (32). 

5.  Male,  subject  to  biliousness  and  sleep-walking,  has  at  32  years  the 
formula  185/66  inches;  build  3.0  (43) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  193/66  inches; 
build  3.1  (44). 

Comment. — Thus  4  of  the  5  children  have  a  medium  build;  onlv  1  is  very 
fleshy  (S  :  Bow-2). 

Byr-A  Family. 

A  family  from  South  Carolina.  The  Father,  at  60  years,  had  the  formula 
235/72  inches;  build  3.2  (45).  Of  his  3  sibs,  (1)  brother.  200/66  inches; 
build  3.2  (46) ;  (2)  brother,  weighed  150  pounds;  (3)  sister,  165/66  inches; 
build  2.7  (38).  Their  father,  at  73  years,  had  the  formula  200/64  inches; 
build  3.4  (49).  Their  mother,  at  73  years,  175/64  inches;  build  3.0  (43). 
All  but  one  of  the  Father's  brothers  are  very  fleshy. 

The  Mother,  at  73  years,  had  the  formula  165/60  inches;  build  3.2  (46). 
Her  6  sibs  weighed  from  130  to  165  pounds.  Her  father,  at  84  years,  had 
the  formula  160/72  inches;  build  2.2  (31).  Except  for  the  Mother,  this 
side  of  the  house  is  apparently  of  only  medium  build.    Four  children: 

1.  Male,  at  54  years,  has  the  formula  235/71  inches;  build  3.3  (47). 

2.  Male,  at  50  years,  160/71  inches;  build  2.2  (32). 


BOT  H   PA  RENTS   F  L  E  SUV. 

3.  Male,  at  64  years,  165/71  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

4.  Female,  150/62  inches;  build  2.7  1 39). 

Comment. — Thus  1  in  4  is  very  fleshy,  1  is  fleshy,  and  2  are  medium 
(S:Byr-A). 

(  \t-3  Family. 

A  family  of  Italian  origin;  grandparents  and  parents  all  born  in  Sicily, 

moved  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  where  the  children  were  all  born.     T  her, 

a  sailor  till  24  years,  then  "in  business,"  suffered  in  youth  (16  years)  from 
malaria,  and  at  20  years  and  again  at  40  years  from  bronchitis;  be  ifl  living 
at  63  years;  formula  180/64  inches;  build  3.1  (44).  His  father,  a  Bailor 
till  30  years,  then  a  fish  dealer,  suffered  in  youth  from  cold-  and  in  middle 
age  from  bronchitis.  He  died,  at  85  years,  from  stomach  trouble.  Formula, 
180/68  inches;  build  2.7  (39).  His  mother,  who  was  "short  and  Blim,"  died 
at  child-birth  at  23  years,  having  the  formula  130/61  inches;  build  2.5  (35). 
The  Mother  suffered  in  middle  age  from  appendicitis  and  influenza.  She 
is  living  at  56  years,  having  the  formula  195/62  inches;  build  3.6  (51). 
Her  father,  who  operated  an  oil  mill,  was  short  and  "stocky"  and  had  high 
blood-pressure.  He  died,  at  77  years,  from  "sudden  shock,  caused  by  chill." 
having  the  formula  160/62  inches;  build  3.0  (42).  Her  mother,  who  had 
11  children,  was  a  quick-tempered,  heavy-set,  broad-shouldered  woman. 
She  died  at  77  years  of  pneumonia,  having  the  formula  200/64  inches;  build 
3.4  (49).    Six  grown  children: 

1.  Male,  a  pharmacist,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  diphtheria,  has,  at  27 
years,  the  formula  145/66  inches;  build  2.3  (33);  adjusted  to  55-|-  its, 
156/66  inches;  build  2.5  (36). 

2.  Female,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  diphtheria,  has,  at  2b'  year-,  the 
formula  150/66  inches;  build  2.4  (34) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  168/66  incl 
build  2.2  (39). 

3.  Male,  a  student,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  measles,  chicken-pox,  and 
colds,  is  fond  of  athletics  and  out-of-door  life.     At  birth  he  weighed   10 
pounds;  at  14  years,  140  pounds.    Began  athletics  and  at  17  year-  w<   . 
180  pounds.     At  23  years  has  the  formula  190/67  inches;  build  3.0   (42)  ; 
adjusted  to  55+  years,  209/67  inches;  build  3.3  (47). 

4.  Female,  a  student,  who  at  22  years  has  the  formula   120,  62  incl  • 
build  2.2  (31);  adjusted  to  55+  years,  138/62  inches;  build  2.5   (36). 

5.  Male,  a  student,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  measles,  diphtheria,  and 
pneumonia.  Died  at  18  years  in  military  sen  ice,  from  pneumonia.  Formula, 
140/67  inches;  build  2.2  (31);  adjusted  to  55  Years.  165  70  inch.-;  build 
2.4  (34). 

6.  Male,  a  student,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  scarlet  fever,  has  at   18 
years  the  formula  147/66  inches;  build  2.4   (34);  adjusted  to  55+  y. 
172/70  inches;  build  2.5  (35). 

Comment.— The  Mother's  side  of  the  house  is  decidedly  the  heavier.   I  toe 
son  approached  the  maternal  build;  the  other  children  are  far  below   i   I 
parent  in  build,  even  with  the  adjustment   i  which  is  probably  inadequal 
(R  :Car-3). 

Dal  A  Family. 

A  family  from  North  Carolina.    The  Father,  at  69  year.-,  has  the  form 
225/68  inches;  build  3.4  (49).    Of  his  7  sibs,  1 1  I  brother,  at  64  y<  ira 
the  formula  160/69  inches;  build  2.4  (34)  ;  (2)  brother,  at  36  L50  70 


84  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

inches;  build  2.2  (31);  (3)  brother,  at  45  years,  140/67.5  inches;  build  2.1 
(30);  (4)  brother,  at  40  years,  230/70  inches;  build  3.3  (47);  (5)  brother, 
180/72  inches;  build  2.4  (35) ;  (6)  sister,  at  60  years,  166/66  inches;  build 
2.7  (38);  (7)  sister,  at  70  years,  140/70  inches;  build  2.0  (29).  Their 
father,  at  75  years,  220/68  inches;  build  3.3  (48).  A  very  fleshy  Father  of 
whose  7  sibs  1  is  very  fleshy,  1  fleshy,  4  medium,  and  1  slender.  The  gametic 
constitution  is  apparently  mixed. 

The  Mother,  at  36  years,  has  the  formula  225/65  inches;  build  3.7  (53). 
Her  father,  at  80  years,  330/72  inches;  build  4.6  (64).  Apparently  this 
side  of  the  house  is  exceptionally  fleshy.    Six  children : 

1.  Male,  at  64  years,  212/69  inches;  build  3.1  (45). 

2.  Male,  at  66  years,  185/68  inches;  build  2.8  (40). 

3.  Male,  at  59  years,  240/69  inches;  build  3.5  (50). 

4.  Male,  at  54  years,  240/72  inches;  build  3.3  (46). 

5.  Female,  at  61  years,  140/64  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

6.  Female,  at  54  years,  130/64  inches;  build  2.2  (32). 

Comment. — Thus  3  out  of  6  children  are  very  fleshy,  1  is  fleshy  and  the 
2  daughters  are  medium  (S  :  Dal-A). 

Dud-A  Family. 

A  family  of  Irish  extraction  from  North  Carolina. 

The  Father,  at  75  years,  had  the  formula  200/64  inches;  build  3.4  (49). 
His  brother,  at  70  years,  160/70  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

The  Mother,  at  86  years,  had  the  formula  220/66  inches;  build  3.6  (51). 
Two  grown  children: 

1.  Male,  at  60  years,  251/70  inches;  build  3.6  (51). 

2.  Male,  at  70  years,  150/70  inches;  build  2.2  (31). 

Comment. — The  children  of  these  parents,  the  family  of  one  of  whom  at 
least  is  of  mixed  build,  were  one  very  fleshy  and  one  medium  (S  :  Dud-A). 

Smi-36  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction.  The  grandparents,  parents,  and  one 
child  are  all  New  Englanders. 

The  Father,  a  physician,  in  excellent  health,  has  at  53  the  formula 
208/67.5  inches;  build  3.2  (46).  His  father,  a  physician  also,  died,  at  82 
years,  from  angina  pectoris.  He  had  pulmonary  tuberculosis  in  youth.  At 
65  his  formula  was  160/67  inches;  build  2.5  (36).  The  father's  mother  had 
three  sons  and  two  daughters.  She  died  of  tuberculosis,  at  35  years  of  age. 
Her  formula  at  30  was  140/64  inches;  build  2.4  (34).  This  side  of  the 
house  shows  heavy  build  of  mixed  origin. 

The  Mother  in  middle  age  had  cerebral  embolus.  At  51  her  formula  is 
176/63.5  inches;  build  3.1  (44).  Her  father,  a  farmer,  had  erysipelas  in 
middle  age.  He  died,  at  64,  from  typhoid  fever.  At  60  he  had  the  formula 
225/70  inches;  build  3.2  (46).  Her  mother,  having  had  3  sons  and  4 
daughters,  died  at  78  from  dysentery.  At  65  her  formula  was  160/63 
inches;  build  2.8  (40).  This  side  of  the  house  is  very  fleshy  to  fleshy. 
One  child: 

1.  Male,  a  medical  student.  He  has,  at  22,  the  formula  165/74  inches; 
build  2.1  (30) ;  adjusted  to  52  years,  190/74  inches,  build  2.5  (341. 

Comment. — Thus  the  child  is  slenderer  than  either  parent  and  like  his 
tubercular  father's  mother  (R  :  Smi-36). 


BOTH    PARENT8   1  LESHY 


8l    M  MAIIY. 

The  progeny  of  the  three  mat  ings  may  now  be  compared  i  tabli 
While  even  very  fleshy  parents  are  sometimes  hi  ius  (perhi 

carrying  5  or  rarely  even  1  zygotic  factors  for  build),  yet  they  do  i 
produce  any  slender  children.    The  merely  "fleshy"  parents,  od  the 
other  hand,  produce  about  7  per  cent  slender.  None  would  be  expected 
on  the  4-zygotic-factor  hypothesis,  bul  about  6  per  cenl  would  be  od 
the  6-factor  hypothesis. 

Table  26. — Summary  of  selected  fleshy  matings,  together  with  their  prog* 


No. 

50 
15 

30 

<  »fT-|.r 

1  requency. 

S 

2 

1 

M 

11 

5 

12 

1 

L':; 
S 
8 

\  1 

-        M 

1 
-7 

7 

Mating  1.  One  parent  VF;  the  other  F,  of  I 
-tuck    

14 

1 
in 

■I 
7 

33 

■in 

Mating  2.   Both  parents  F,  of  F  stock 

Mating  3.  Other  VF  X  VF  matings 

A  comparison  of  tables  23  and  26  shows  a  profound  difference  in  the 
distribution  of  build  in  the  two  sets  of  progenies.  From  the  matings 
of  slender  parents  come  predominantly  (84  per  cenl  I  slender  and  very 
slender  offspring;  from  the  mating  of  two  fleshy  or  very  fleshy  parents 
come  predominantly  (67  per  cent)  fleshy  and  very  fleshy  offspring. 
The  ranges  of  the  offspring  classes  overlap  somewhat,  for  the  slender 
matings  produce  16  per  cent  progeny  who  are  above  slender  build; 
and  the  fleshy  matings  produce  32  per  cent  of  progeny  who  are  below 
fleshy  build.  The  progeny  of  the  slender  matings  are  much  leas 
variable  than  those  of  fleshy  matings.  Thus,  the  standard  deviation 
of  the  offspring  in  table  23  is  only  3.13  ±  0.17;  while  the  standard 
deviation  of  the  offspring  of  the  fleshy  parents  listed  in  table  24  i- 
5.74^0.39  and  in  table  25  4.70  ±  0.52.  From  the  standpoint  of 
genetics  this  indicates  the  presence  of  more  genetical  factors  in  the 
fleshy  parents  than  in  the  slender. 

However,  there  is  one  consideration  that  must  not  be  overlooked. 
This  is  that  the  mean  index  of  build  of  the  slender  offspring  is  tower 
than  that  of  the  fleshy  ones.  If  we  place  the  average  indi  I  of  the 
very  slender  and  slender  groups  at  2(1,  and  of  the  pure  fleshy  at  40, 
then  the  coefficient  of  variability  of  tin-  slender  and  very  Blende] 
3.13-^26,  or  12  per  cent,  and  that  of  the  fleshy  of  table  24  >  L70 
40,  or  14  per  cent.  Thus  the  fleshy  offspring  are  not  only  absolutely 
but  also  relatively  more  variable  than  the  slender  offspring. 

Perhaps  a  fairer  comparison  is  obtained  from  the  data  ^\  table  L2. 
The  standard  deviation  of  the  progeny  of  the  S     •    S   inati: 
L'41 ;  of  the  F  X  F  matings  is  5.37.    The  corresponding  coefficients  of 


86  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

variability  are  2.41-^-28.47  and  5.35-^37.56,  or  8.46  per  cent  and 
14.25  per  cent  respectively.  That  is,  the  coefficient  of  variability  of 
build  of  the  offspring  of  the  F  X  F  mating  is  68  per  cent  greater  than 
that  of  the  S  X  S  mating.  The  ranges  of  the  logarithms  of  the  indices 
of  the  S  and  the  F  groups  is  as  near  as  possible  the  same,  and  the 
arithmetic  range  of  the  F  is  only  40  per  cent  greater  than  of  the  S 
group.  Hence  the  greater  variability  of  the  offspring  of  the  F  X  F 
as  compared  with  the  S  X  S  matings  can  not  be  accounted  for  on  a 
difference  in  the  range  of  index  values  of  the  S  and  F  classes.  The 
most  reasonable  conclusion  seems  to  be  that  the  gametes  of  the  fleshy 
parents  are  somewhat  more  variable  than  the  gametes  of  the  slender 
and  the  very  slender  parents. 

Class  III.     Mating  of  Slender  with  Fleshy  Stock — The  Fl 

Generation. 

After  having  considered  the  inheritance  of  build  in  the  progeny  of 
slender  and  of  fleshy  stock  respectively,  we  have  next  to  consider  the 
distribution  of  build  in  hybrids  between  such  stocks.  This  class  of 
matings  produces  the  familiar  Fi  generation.  Incidentally  it  may  be 
pointed  out  that  where  multiple  factors  are  concerned  the  Fi  genera- 
tion has  not  that  uniformity  that  it  has  when  only  one  factor  is  con- 
cerned. This  is  partly  because  there  are  several  kinds  of  Fi  offspring. 
For  example,  the  progeny  of  very  fleshy  X  slender,  fleshy  X  very 
slender,  fleshy  X  slender,  and  even  subdivisions  of  some  of  these 
categories.  If  we  analyze  the  progeny  of  all  these  matings  together, 
a  considerable  range  of  variation  in  the  Fj  generation  is  to  be  expected. 
If  we  deal  with  each  type  of  mating  separately,  the  numbers  are  insuffi- 
cient to  be  significant.  Compromises  of  various  sorts  will  be  necessary 
between  too  small  numbers  of  offspring,  on  the  one  hand,  and  too  het- 
erogeneous parents  on  the  other.  Further  complications  arise  from  the 
fact  that  on  the  hypothesis  that  fleshy  persons  carry  factors  that  domi- 
nate over  slender,  it  is  to  be  expected  that  the  children  shall  be,  on  the 
average,  of  above  medium  build;  and,  again,  from  the  fact  that  the 
children  are  younger  than  the  parents  and,  for  the  most  part,  do  not  as 
yet  show  their  full  adult  build.  This  is  a  matter  of  especial  importance 
in  this  mating,  since  heterozygous  individuals  are  slow  in  developing 
their  potential  build.    Three  kinds  of  matings  will  be  considered. 

Mating  1.  One  Parent  Slender,  of  Slender  Stock,  and  the  Other  Fleshy,  of  Fleshy 

Stock.     (Table  VIII  in  Part.) 

If  mainly  those  fleshy  parents  are  selected  whose  parents  and  sibs 
(so  far  as  known)  are  fleshy,  then  the  progeny  will  correspond  as 
nearly  as  possible  to  a  Mendelian  Fi  generation,  and  should  be  char- 
acterized by  relatively  low  variability.  Such  selected  matings  are 
given  in  table  27,  extracted  from  table  VIII,  Appendix. 


SLKNDEK  X  FLESH!  . 


87 


Table  27. — Matings  of  a  slender  parent  of  slender  stock  and  n  flethy  }><irrnt  of  fl'.-hy  *l»ek, 

together  with  their  progeny. 


FF 

FM 

F 

Father's 

8ll)S. 

Ml 

M  M 

M 

Mother*! 
rib 

<  »fTr<I.ri ti|C. 

S 

M 

1 

\I 

Ale  2.... 

COO  6.  .  . 

Cla  32. . . 
Doh  2. .  . 
Dud  1..  . 

Elk  1 .  .  . 
Faz 

33 
38 
29 
30 

48 

36 

28 
38 
29 

S 
61 

44 
F 

27 
39 
29 
26 
43 

41 
S 
F 
F 

S 

s 
s 

45 

41 

3  tall 

36 

33 
31 
F 

31 

30 
F 

S 

42 

29 

42 

F 

28 

32 

F 

S 

38 
28 
38 

42 

28 

27 

57 
s 
S 

VF 
F 

VF 
30 
27 

2  t 

2 

1 
1 
■1 

1 

a 

i 
i 

Short 

10  F  and  VF; 
lS(t). 

3  of  12,  1   of 
V  F. 

2 

1 

8 

1 

IF 

IF 

2  F 

1  VF 

i 

3 
0 

' 

4 
0 

a 

i 

1 

1 
I 

Leo 

4  8.... 

Lvn .... 

F 

Ofi  a  ... 

1 
2 

1 
1 

1 

Ofi  h. 

1  M     3  F.  . 

7  1 

Ofi  c 

Smi 

1 

Wal  4 . . . 
Total.. 

38 

34 

31 

28 

64 
100 

4 
6.2 

18 

28  l 

36 

7 
11    1 

Por  cent 

A,  38.29  ±  0.43. 


S.  D.,  5.02  ±  0.30. 


In  table  27,  of  64  offspring  the  proportions  are  6  S,  2S  M.  55  I 
11  VF.  On  the  assumption  of  6  zygotic  factors,  and  that  the  matings 
are  of  5-factor  and  2-factor  parents,  and  that  they  wore  equally  of  the 
two  types  of  matings  of  this  class,  then  we  should  expect  the  follow- 
ing proportions;  8  S,  42  M,  42  F,  8  VF.  That  this  does  not  more 
closely  approximate  the  observed  proportions  is  probably  due  to  the 
partial  dominance  of  F  over  S.  At  any  rate,  it  is  a  closer  fit  than 
would  be  given  on  the  4-factor  hypothesis.  The  details  of  each 
family  included  in  this  mating  are  given  below. 

Ale-2  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction;  grandparents  and  parents  living  mostly 
in  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  West  Virginia.    Two  of  the  children  were  born 
in  West  Virginia,  the  other  two  in  Ohio.    The  Father,  a  minister,  ha 
years  the  formula  135/70.8  inches;  build  1.9  (27).    His  3  brothers  are  tall. 
Their  father,  who  was  a  minister,  always  well,  died   at  81    year- 
"diseases  incident  to  old  age,"  at  70  years  having  the  formula  M   \  I 
say,  2.3  (33).    Their  mother,  who  had  6  children,  in  youth  was  "delicat 
She  died  at  85  years  from  old  age,  having  the  formula  B  T;  build,  say,  3  0 
(28).    Thus  this  side  of  the  house  is  prevailingly  of  Blender  build. 

The  Mother,  who  had  4  children,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  erysipelas 
and  gallstones.  She  is  living  at  54  years,  having  at  50  years  the  formula 
145/62  inches;  build  2.7  (38).  One  of  her  brothers  died  at  18  year-  from 
tuberculosis,  height  70  inches;  another  brother  becanu  feeble-minded  alter 
an  attack  of  spinal  meningitis,  height  62.5  inches;  one  sister  also  died  from 

*  M,  medium  weinl't;   VT,  very  tall. 


88  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

tuberculosis  at  48  years.  Their  father,  who  was  a  miller,  suffered  in  youth 
from  typhoid  fever  and  in  middle  age  from  neuralgia  and  acute  indigestion, 
and  was  killed  in  an  accident  at  77  years.  At  60  years  his  formula  was 
165/M;  build,  say,  2.5  (36).  Their  mother,  who  had  9  children,  was  always 
well.  She  died  at  78  years  from  angina  pectoris.  At  50  years  her  formula 
was  165/M;  build,  say,  3.0  (42).  Thus  this  side  of  the  house  is  prevailingly 
of  fleshy  build,  despite  some  tuberculosis.    The  3  grown  children: 

1.  Male,  a  minister,  always  well,  has  at  30  years  the  formula  165/67 
inches;  build  2.6  (37) ;  adjusted  to  52  years,  174/67  inches;  build  2.7  (39). 

2.  Female,  a  school  teacher,  always  well,  has  at  28  years  the  formula 
108/62.5  inches;  build  2.0  (28);  adjusted  to  52  years,  123/62.5  inches; 
build  2.2  (31). 

3.  Male,  a  student,  always  well,  has  at  23  years  the  formula  140/66.5 
inches;  build  2.3  (32) ;  adjusted  to  52  years,  154/67  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

Comment.— The  build  of  the  children  ranges  from  2.0  or  2.2  (28  or  31) 
to  2.6  or  2.7  (37  or  39),  almost  exactly  the  difference  between  the  parents, 
but  the  build  is  slightly  higher  on  the  average  than  theirs.  One  should  prob- 
ably be  classified  as  slender,  one  as  medium,  and  one  as  fleshy.  There  is 
a  slight  evidence  of  dominance  of  fleshiness  (R  :  Ale-2). 

Coo-6  Family. 

A  family  of  mixed  Nordic  stock,  chiefly  English,  living  in  the  Central 
States.  The  Father,  a  farmer,  who  has  always  been  well,  is  a  man  of  great 
bodily  energy  and  calm  temperament.  Formula  at  40  years  180/68  inches; 
build  2.7  (39).  His  father,  a  farmer,  who  was  killed  in  the  Civil  War,  had 
at  40  years  the  formula  180/69  inches;  build  2.7  (38).  His  mother,  who 
was  always  well  and  energetic,  had  at  40  years  the  formula  160/65  inches; 
build  2.7  (38).    Thus  this  side  of  the  house  is  uniformly  fleshy. 

The  Mother,  who  had  a  throat  infection,  had  the  formula  i  10/63  inches; 
build  1.9  (28).  Her  sibs  were  mostly  short  and  two  of  them  suffered  from 
asthma.  Their  father,  a  farmer,  who  had  a  throat  infection  and  died  at  55 
of  smallpox,  had  the  formula  150/67.5  inches ;  build  2.3  (33) .  Their  mother, 
who  also  died  at  55  of  smallpox,  had  the  formula  125/66  inches;  build  2.0 
(29).  Thus  the  maternal  side  of  the  house  has  a  distinctly  slenderer  build 
than  the  paternal.    The  3  children: 

1.  Male,  who  died  in  early  infancy  of  brain  fever. 

2.  Male,  30  years  old,  a  traveling  salesman  and  soldier,  with  a  catarrhal 
nasal  infection,  had  the  formula  at  20  years  160/67.5  inches;  build  2.5 
(35) ;  adjusted  to  50  years,  178/69.4  inches;  build  2.7  (37). 

3.  Female,  25  years  old,  a  music  teacher,  with  a  catarrhal  nasal  infection, 
has  at  20  years  the  formula  120/62  inches;  build  2.2  (31) ;  adjusted  to  50 
years,  139/62  inches;  build  2.6  (36). 

4.  Male,  21  years  old,  a  farmer,  from  whom  a  skin  tumor  and  tonsils 
have  been  removed,  has  at  20  years  the  formula  150/65.5  inches;  build  2.4 
(35) ;  adjusted  to  50  years,  166/67  inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

Comment. — A  mating  of  fleshy  with  slender  build  has  produced  only 
medium-fleshy  offspring  (R  :  Coo-6). 

Cla-32  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction  living  in  Vermont.  The  Father,  who  is  a 
farmer,  suffered  in  youth  from  catarrh  and  influenza.  He  is  living  at  57 
years,  having  the  formula  150/72  inches;  build  2.0  (29).  His  father,  who  is 
a  farmer,  always  well,  has  at  84  years  the  formula  150/72  inches;  build  29. 


BLENDER  X  FLE8HY.  89 

His  mother,  who  had  2  children,  always  well,  has  at  BO 
120/64  inches;  build  2.1  (29).    This  family  is  prevailingly  Blend 
The  Mother,  who  lias  2  children,  always  well,  has  aula 

157/64  inches;  build  2.7  (38).    Her  father,  who  was  a  farmi 
middle  age  from  weak  heart,  sciatica,  and  rheumatism.     He  di< 
years,  from  "blood-clot  on  brain,"  having  the  formula  160  72  inches;  b 

2.2  (31).    Her  mother,  who  had  1  child,  was  always  well  til!      I  I  9 
she  died  of  cancer  of  liver;  formula  160  62  inch.-:'  build  2.9  (42 

2  children: 

1.  Female,  married,  always  well,  has  at  30  years  the  formula  145 
inches;  build  2.3  (33);  adjusted  to  55  years,  160  <i<i  inches;  build  17 

2.  Male,  a  farmer,  always  well,  has.  at  24  rears,  the   formula    150  72 
inches;  build  2.0  (29) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  169/72  inches;  build  2 

Comment. — The  daughter  will  probably  become  fleshy  like  her  M 
the  son  will  probably  remain  slender  like  Ins  Father   (R  :  Cla-3 

Dob-2  Family. 

A  family  of  Scotch-Irish  and  German  extraction,  living  in  the  mid 
western  States.    The  Father,  a  real-estate  agent,  who  in  youth  suflfen 
diphtheria,  has  at  65  years  the  formula  120/67.5  inch.-;  build    1  9    (26). 
His  father,  a  farmer,  always  well,  died  at  89  years  of  old  age,  with  the 
formula  145/70  inches;  build  2.1    (30).     His  mother  .lied  at  2!)  yi 
tuberculosis;  she  was  slender. 

The  Mother,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  whooping-cough   and   scarlet 
fever,  has  at  65  years  the  formula  170/64  inches;  build  2.9   (42)     fleshy. 
Her  father,  a  German  farmer,  died  of  old  aire  at  81  year.-;  he  was  corpulent 
Her  mother  died  at  81  years  of  "heart  leakage'";  die  was  corpulent.     1 
5  children: 

1.  Male,  a  school  teacher,  always   well,   has   at    34    years   the   formula 
130/66.5  inches;   build  2.1    (29);   adjusted  to  55  years,   138/66.5   in. 
build  2.3  (31). 

2.  Female,  a  music  and  art  teacher,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  catarr 
fever,  has  at  32  years  the  formula  135/61  inches;  build  2.6  (36)  ;  adjusl 
to  55  years,  147/61  inches;  build  2.7  (39). 

3.  Male,  electrical  engineer,  always  well,  has  at  2!)  years  the  formula  1  1<> 
67  inches;  build  2.2  (31) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  150  67  inches;  build  2 

4.  Male,  student,  had  pneumonia,  has  at   26  years  the  formula    150  67 
inches;  build  2.3  (33) ;  adjusted  to  55  year-.  162/67  inches;  build  2.5  <• 

5.  Male,  a  student,  who  has  had  malaria,  has  at  24  years  the  formula 
130/67  inches;  build  2.0  (29);  adjusted  to  55  years,  111  67  inches;  build 

2.3  (32). 

Comment. — A   man   of   a    family   of   a    prevailing   -lender   build,   who 
mother  died  of  tuberculosis,  married  a  fleshy  woman  of  two  fleshy  par.  i 
Of  the  5  children,  1  and  perhaps  2  will  become  fleshy;  1  i-  of  medium  build, 
and  2  will  probably  remain  slender  like  the  Father.    Since  all  children 
fleshier  than  the  slender  Father,  and  since  member-  of  the  family  tend  I 
grow  fleshy  as  they  grow  older,  it  Beems  probable  (barring  d  •   that 

child  No.  2  will  gain  the  build  of  her  Btoul  Mother  and  th  ■  will 

become  of  at  least  medium  build  (R  :  Dob  2). 

Di  i>  1  Family. 
A  family  of  Scotch  stock  residing  principally   in  Ohio  and    Iowa.     The 
Father,  a  farmer  until  his  retirement  at  5(1  years,  who  died  at  56  of  di 
had  at  40  years  the  formula  215  71  inches;  build  3.0  (43).    Of  his  6 
4  were  stout  to  very  stout  and  1  was  slender  and  died  of  tuberculoei 


90  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

his  2  brothers,  one  was  72  inches  tall  and  died  of  kidney  trouble;  the  other 
was  67  inches  tall.  The  Father's  father,  also  a  farmer  all  his  life  and  very 
strong,  died  at  60  years  of  apoplexy,  having  the  formula  250/64  inches; 
build  4.3  (61).  This  side  of  the  house  brings  into  the  combination  a  ten- 
dency to  extreme  fleshiness. 

The  Mother,  who  was  operated  on  for  cancer,  at  40  years  had  the  formula 
115/64  inches;  build  2.0  (28).  She  had  12  sibs,  of  whom  3  were  fleshy  or 
very  fleshy.  Her  father,  a  carpenter,  who  died  of  Bright's  disease  at  70,  had 
the  formula  160/72  inches;  build  2.2  (31).  Her  mother,  who  died  at  50 
years  of  tuberculosis,  had  at  40  years  of  age  the  formula  120/65  inches; 
build  2.0  (28) .   This  side  of  the  house  is  prevailingly  slender.    The  2  children: 

1.  Male,  a  college  student  and  subject  to  migraine,  has  at  25  years  the 
formula  158/70  inches;  build  2.3  (32) ;  adjusted  to  40  years,  169/70  inches; 
build  2.4  (35). 

2.  Female,  a  school  girl,  operated  on  at  16  for  appendicitis,  has  at  25 
years  the  formula  120/64  inches;  build  2.1  (29);  adjusted  to  40  years, 
135/64  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

Comment. — This  mating  of  parents  of  stout  and  of  slender  stock  results 
in  children  who  are  still  young  and  of  only  medium  to  slender  build.  It  is  to 
be  expected  that  the  young  man,  at  least,  will  become  stout,  approaching 
his  father's  build  (R  :  Dud-1). 

Elk-1  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction  living  in  Massachusetts  and  New  Hamp- 
shire. The  Father,  a  "superintendent,"  suffered  in  youth  from  pneumonia. 
He  is  living  at  47  years,  having  the  formula  200/70  inches;  build  2.9  (41). 
One  of  his  brothers  died,  at  43  years,  from  consumption  of  the  stomach 
"due  to  accident";  his  formula,  175/70  inches;  build  2.5  (36).  Their  mother 
is  living  at  73  years,  having  the  formula  160/60  inches;  build  3.1  (44). 
This  side  of  the  house  is  prevailingly  fleshy. 

The  Mother,  who  suffered  in  middle  age  from  bronchial  trouble,  has  at 
49  years  the  formula  98/60.3  inches;  build  2.0  (27).  Her  father,  a  farmer, 
is  living  at  76  years  with  the  formula  135/67.3  inches;  build  2.1  (30).  Her 
mother,  who  suffered  in  middle  age  from  bronchitis,  pneumonia,  and  heart 
trouble,  is  living  at  68  years  with  the  formula  124/62  inches;  build  32. 
This  is  a  prevailingly  slender  family.    The  4  children: 

1.  Female,  a  student,  has  at  23  years  the  formula  120/64.5  inches;  build 
2.0  (29) ;  adjusted  to  48  years,  137/64.5  inches;  build  2.2  (33). 

2.  Female,  a  student,  has  at  21  years  the  formula  108/64.5  inches;  build 
1.8  (26) ;  adjusted  to  48  years,  126/64.5  inches;  build  2.1  (30). 

3.  Female,  a  student,  has  at  18  years  the  formula  107/61  inches;  build 
2.0  (29) ;  adjusted  to  48  years,  125/61  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

4.  Female,  a  student,  twin  to  No.  3,  has  at  18  years  the  formula  107/61.6 
inches;  build  1.9  (28) ;  adjusted  to  48  years,  127/61.6  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

Comment. — The  children  are  all  fairly  young  and  have  the  youthful 
slender  and  medium  build.  Even  on  adjustment  they  do  not  rise  above  the 
medium  class.  Unfortunately,  we  do  not  know  how  this  family  develops 
its  index  of  build  (R  :  Elk-1). 

Faz  Family.     (Fig.  28.) 

II  8,  $  ,  is  slender;  he  has  a  fleshy  sister  and  their  mother  is  fleshy. 

His  wife  is  II  9,  who,  at  46  years,  has  stature  151  cm.  (59  inches)  and 
weight  90  kg.  (200  pounds) ;  build  4.0  (57) ;  very  fleshy.  Her  relative 
chest-girth,  is  111-=-  151,  or  74  per  cent.     Her  sister,  II  6,  who  died  at  66 


SLENDER  X  FLESH  V 


«U 


of  cerebral  hemorrhage,  had  the  formula  225/63  inches;  build  4.0  (57); 
very  fleshy.    Both  of  their  parents  were  fleshy. 

The  children  of  II  8,  9  who  grew  up  arc:  ill  III  9.  9  .  at  19  of  medium 
weight.  (2)  III  10,  $  ,  at  18  years  fleshy.  Two  others  are  too  young  to 
include  in  the  statistics. 

Comment. — Medium  and  fleshy  progeny  recur,  suggesting  that  the  fleshy 
parent  is  not  entirely  homozygous  (73  :  665). 

Leo  Family.     (Fig.  23.) 

II  2  $  ,  72  inches  tall  and  fleshy,  has  a  tall  and  fleshy  sister.  His  wife, 
II  3,  9  ,  is  of  medium  stature  and  slender.  She  has  4  sibs,  all  Blender;  their 
parents  also  slender.    Three  children,  all  fleshy. 

Again,  II  7,  the  slender  brother  of  II  3,  married  an  obese  woman,  and 
has  1  child  who,  at  9  years,  is  20  per  cent  over  weight.  Sec  also  page  f»l 
(SXS  mating).     (73:676.) 

Lyn  Family. 

D.  0.,  $  ,  weighs  over  90  kg.  (200  pounds),  fleshy,  has  2  fleshy  sibs  and 
fleshy  mother.  He  married  a  slender  woman,  who  grew  fleshier  in  middle 
life.  They  had  6  children,  all  fleshy.  D.  O.  is  a  second  cousin  of  figure  30. 
II  1  (p.  74).  The  fleshv  parent  was  apparently  a  homozygous  dominant 
(73  :  684). 

Ofi  Family,  A.     (Fig.  35.) 

1\  $  was  tall  and  slender.    His  wife  I  2  was  tall  and  very  fleshv.    Tin 
were  8  children,  about  whose  build  something  is  known. 

II  1  9  fleshy.  II  3  9  at  40  years  is  fleshy,  married  to  a  Blender  man, 
has  slender  and  fleshy  children.  II  4  $  at  30  years  is  fleshy.  117  5 
is  tall  and  fleshy.  II  10  9  is  inclined  to  be  fleshy.  II  12  9  at  42  y» 
is  fleshy,  and  has  children  of  both  types.  II  14  $  at  45  years,  stature  It'..". 
cm.  (65  inches) ;  weight  62.5  (138  pounds) ;  build  2.3  (33 1;  medium.  II  13  <J 
died  at  35  years;  very  fleshy.  Thus  1  is  very  fleshv.  6  are  fleshy,  and  1  i- 
of  medium  build  (73  :  697). 

Ofi  Family,  B.     (Fig.  36.) 

I  7    $  ,  slender,  has  3  fleshy  sibs  and  1  of  medium  weight.     His  w 
18    9,  died  at  68,  fleshy,  had  7  sibs,  all  fleshy.     There  were  8  children: 
II  15    9    at  38  years,  stature  153  cm.    (60  inches);  weight  69  kg.    (151 


!rr# 


UtU^UillM 


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I nh4 Ij6 Eq d-IbA  tii4 ■ 14 QiOSJ 


3       4t>g5tyg6       7 


9i       10      II 


■  m  £ I  ED    m  w  D  D 


12         3        4  5 


6        7 


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lb       16       i'      I*       19 


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8      2i 


9         10       II 


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13         I*      IS       16 


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Fig.  35. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build  in  On  family. 


92  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

pounds) ;  build  2.9  (42),  fleshy;  relative  chest-girth  92-=-  153,  or  61  per  cent. 
She  has  always  been  fleshy,  was  formerly  more  so  than  now.  Married  to 
a  man  of  medium  build,  there  were  4  children,  2  slender,  and  1  fleshy*  and 

I  very  fleshy.    II  16  $  died  at  48  of  "heart  disease,"  very  fleshy.    II  17  9  , 
stature  151  cm.   (59  inches);  weight  56  kg.   (124  pounds);  build  2.5   (36), 
fleshy-medium;  relative  chest-girth  95-^-151,  or  63  per  cent.     II   18    9 
fleshy.     II  20    9  ,  very  fleshy,  has  3  slender  children.     II  21    9    fleshy. 

II  22  $  of  medium  build.  II  23  9  ,  at  31  years,  stature  150  cm.  (59 
inches) ;  weight  69  kg.  (151  pounds) ;  build  3.0  (43  per  cent),  fleshy.  Rela- 
tive chest-girth  100  -f-  150,  or  67  per  cent.  Thus,  of  the  8  children  2  are  of 
medium  build,  4  fleshy,  and  2  very  fleshy. 

Ofi  Family,  C.     (Fig.  35.) 

II  2  $  ,  slender,  married  II  3,  at  40  years  fleshy  and  heterozygous,  and 
had  4  children.  Ill  1  $  fleshy ;  III  2  $  of  medium  build,  and  III  3  $  , 
4  $  twins,  slender.    Thus  1  fleshy,  1  medium,  and  2  slender. 

Comment. — Mating  B  is  apparently  that  of  a  nearly  homozygous  domi- 
nant fleshy  mated  to  a  slender,  and  producing  fleshy  and  very  fleshy  off- 
spring and  2  who  are  just  below  fleshy  build  (73  :  697). 

Smi  Family. 

II  1  $  (fig.  26),  at  50,  stature  173  cm.  (68  inches);  and  weight  90  to 
100  kg.  (200  to  215  pounds) ;  build  3.2  (45),  very  fleshy.  As  a  lad  he  was 
very  slender,  but  at  28  years  began  to  grow  fleshy. 

Married  a  woman  who,  at  68  years,  has  a  stature  of  150  cm.  (59  inches), 
weight  45  kg.  (100  pounds) ;  build  2.0  (30),  slender.    They  had  8  children: 

(1)  Male,  at  50  years,  stature  165  cm.  (65  inches);  weight  80  kg.  (175 
pounds);  build  2.9  (41),  fleshy;  slender  as  a  child.  (2)  9  ,  at  48  years, 
stature  155  cm.  (61  inches);  weight  79  kg.  (174  pounds);  build  3.3  (47), 
very  fleshy;  was  slender  until  about  16  years  of  age.  (3)  9  ,  at  46  years, 
stature  155  cm.  (61  inches);  weight  86  kg.  (190  pounds);  build  3.6  (51), 
very  fleshy;  was  slender  until  20  years  old.  By  a  slender  husband  she  has 
3  children,  13  to  5  years  of  age,  all  slender,  but  the  eldest  boy  growing 
fleshier.  (4)  9  died  at  28  years  of  kidney  trouble,  aggravated  by  child- 
birth; at  that  time  she  was  slender.  (5)  9  ,  at  34  years,  stature  155  cm. 
(61  inches)  ;  weight  82  kg.  (180  pounds) ;  build  3.4  (48),  very  fleshy,  rather 
uniformly  over  the  body.  She  was  fleshy  as  a  child;  then  became  slender 
and  remained  so  up  to  the  age  of  16  or  18  years.  By  a  slender  man  she  has 
3  children,  all  young  and  slender.  (6)  $  ,  at  31  years  of  medium  build  with 
a  tendency  to  grow  fleshier,  by  a  slender  wife  has  a  slender  child.  (7)  $  , 
at  29  years,  stature  157  cm.  (62  inches);  weight  now  about  62  kg.  (135 
pounds);  build  2.5  (35),  fleshy-medium,  and  varying  inversely  with  his 
activity.  (8)  $  ,  at  24  years,  stature  168  cm.  (66  inches) ;  weight  59  kg. 
(130  pounds) ;  build  2.1  (30),  medium-slender,  but  this  is  the  age  when  in 
this  family  they  first  begin  to  put  on  flesh. 

Comment. — This  is  an  exceedingly  instructive  family;  first,  because  they 
are  all  slender  until  20  to  25  and  then  begin  to  grow  fleshier.  The  hete- 
rozygous condition  of  fleshiness  retards  the  full  development  of  the  trait, 
as  so  often  seen  in  genetics.  It  is  probable  that  III  1  is  nearly  homozygous 
for  fleshiness  (73  :  736). 

*  III  7,  shading  omitted,  by  error,  on  chart. 


SLENDER  >     1  LE8HY. 


Wal  \  Family. 

A  New  York  State  family  of  English  and  Scotch  ancestry. 
The  Father,  a  business  man,  with  diabetic  tendencies,  has  al   60 
the  formula  180/G6  inches;  build  2.9  (41).     His  sibs  are  all  ball  or  vi 

tall.  His  father,  a  Scotch  tanner,  who  had  'kidney  trouble."  which, 
aggravated  by  influenza,  caused  hia  death  at  86  year-,  had  the  formula 
175/68  inches;  build  2.7  (38).  His  mother,  who  suffered  from  neuralgia 
and  died  of  blood-poisoning  at  64  years,  had  the  formula  150  •  '»<>  incl 
build  2.4  (341.  This  side  of  the  house  is  thus  of  medium  to  fleshy  build. 
The  Mother  is  subject  to  nervous  prostration  and  intestinal  indigestion 
and  has  been  operated  on  for  uterine  lacerations.  At  52  she  has  the  formula 
125/67.5  inches;  build  1.9  (27).  Her  father,  who  kept  a  country  Btore  and 
died  at  83  years  of  heart  failure,  had  the  formula  156  71  inches;  build 
2.2  (31).  The  Mother's  mother,  who  died  at  75  years  of  cancer  of  the 
stomach,  was  hunch-backed  from  an  accident  when  3  years  old;  had  long 
arms  and  would  probably  have  been  tall.  At  60  she  had  the  formula  100  60 
inches;  build  2.0  (28).  This  side  of  the  house  is  prevailingly  -lender  Two 
children  are: 

1.  Male,  a  social  worker,  has  at  30  years  the  formula  200  71   u 
build  2.6  (37) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  214/74  inches;  build  2.8  (39). 

2.  Male,  a  business  man,  has  at  24  years  the   formula    160  71    inch* 
build  2.2  (32) ;  adjusted  to  55  years.  178/71  inches;  build  2.5  (35) 

Comment. — One  child  is  fleshy   like  the  Father,  the  other  i<  oi  inter- 
mediate build  (R  :  Wal-4). 

Mating  2.  Other  Slendkr  x  Fleshy  Matin 
In  addition  to  the  selected  cases  of  table  27,  reference  may  be  made 
to  other  families  of  table  VIII  of  which  details  air  published  In 
with;  and  which  reveal  special  matters  of  interest.  Tiny  ate  not 
included  in  mating  1,  because  there  is  always  at  leasl  <>ne  medium- 
grade  parent  of  the  fleshy  side  of  the  house.  The  families  are  listed  in 
table  28,  summarized  here  and  described  in  extenso  further  on. 

Table  28. — Matings  of  a  slender  parent  of  slender  stock  and  a  fleshy  parent  of  mind  st.tck, 

together   inth   their  progeny. 


FF 

FM 

F 

Father's 
sibs. 

Ml' 

MM 

M 

Mother's 

( >fT«priiu: 

\  - 

- 

M 

i 

\  P 

Bro30..  .  . 
Fin  1 

Met  A 

Olm  A... 
She  12...  . 
Van  3 

Total..  .  . 

31 
34 
M 
34 
341 
29 

27 
31 
M 

46 
29 

30 
30 
39 
38 
38 
29 

:;s 

33  ± 

34 

34 

33 

in 
33 

28 

39 

:;7 
37 
30 
-'l 
28 

l 
1 

1 
l 

1 

i 

i 
i 
l 

l 
1 

:;\1.  IF,  IVF 
IF 

:\I 

1M.  11 

16 

Offspring:  A,  38.01  ±  0.55.  S.  D.,  4  7  I 

Bro-80. — One  child  out  of  3  is  very  fleshy,  <>t"  a  made  that   m  our 
experience  never  occurs  when  both  parents  are  slender. 


94  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

Fin-1. — In  this  family  all  3  children  have  already  a  build  nearly 
equal  to  that  of  the  fleshier  parent.  Assuming  that  they  increase  in 
weight  in  the  same  degree  as  the  average  person,  they  may  be  ex- 
pected to  be  considerably  fleshier  than  the  fleshy  parent. 

Met-A. — Of  the  5  children,  3  already  exceed  in  build  the  fleshy 
parent. 

Olm-A. — Of  6  children,  all  but  1  are  fleshier  than  the  fleshy  parent. 

She-12. — Of  7  children,  4  are  fleshy  like  the  Father,  the  others  are 
slender  to  medium. 

Van-8. — One  out  of  3  is  fleshy. 

The  distribution  of  indices  of  build  in  the  offspring  is  summarized 
in  table  28.  This  distribution  of  offspring  is  characterized  by  about 
the  same  means  as  in  mating  1,  and  by  about  the  same  variability.  It 
seems  probable,  consequently,  that  the  fleshy  parents  were  nearly 
homozygous  for  this  trait. 

Bro-30  Family. 

A  family  of  prevailingly  English  stock.  The  members  of  this  family, 
including  the  grandparents,  parents,  and  3  children,  were  born  and  have 
lived  in  Connecticut.  The  Father  in  youth  had  typhoid  fever,  in  middle 
age  neuritis.  Now,  at  72,  his  formula  is  140/68  inches;  build  2.1  (30). 
His  father,  a  school-teacher  and  farmer,  died  at  65  from  old  age,  pre- 
mature because  of  his  strenuous  life.  His  formula  was  150/70  inches; 
build  2.0  (31).  The  Father's  mother  had  sick  headaches  and  inflammatory 
rheumatism  in  middle  age.  She  died  at  82  from  old  age,  having  then  the 
formula  115/65  inches;  build  1.9  (27). 

The  Mother,  who  had  inflammatory  rheumatism  in  youth  and  malaria  in 
middle  age,  has  now,  at  63,  the  formula  150/64  inches;  build  2.6  (37).  Her 
father,  a  farmer  and  politician,  suffered  from  Bright's  disease  in  middle  age, 
and  died  at  54  from  an  abscess  of  the  liver  as  the  immediate  cause.  His 
formula  175/71  inches;  build  2.4  (35).  Her  mother,  having  enjoyed  good 
health  all  her  life,  died  at  87  from  old  age.  Her  formula  was  175/66  inches; 
build  2.8  (40).    The  3  children  are: 

1.  Male,  at  42,  145/67  inches;  build  2.3  (32);  adjusted  to  55  years, 
149/67  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

2.  Male,  at  40,  165/68  inches;  build  2.5  (36);  adjusted  to  55  years, 
170/68  inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

3.  Male,  at  39,  200/68  inches;  build  3.0  (43);  adjusted  to  55  years, 
206/68  inches;  build  3.1  (45). 

Comment. — The  children's  range  of  build  exceeds  that  of  the  parents; 
the  youngest  is  indeed  very  fleshy.  Probably  there  is  an  obese  tendency 
which  comes  down  through  the  line  of  the  Mother  and  Mother's  mother 
(R  :  Bro-30). 

Fin-1  Family. 

A  family  of  Russian  Jewish  stock.  The  grandparents  and  parents  were 
natives  of  Russia;  the  family  emigrated  to  America  and  settled  in  Penn- 
sylvania, where  the  3  children  were  born.  The  Father,  a  manufacturer,  is 
living  at  47  years,  having  the  formula  140/68  inches;  build  2.1  (30).  His 
father,  a  merchant,  is  living  at  69  years,  having  the  formula  150/66  inches; 
build  2.4  (34).  His  mother,  who  had  12  children,  died  at  55  years  from 
cancer,  having  the  formula  145/68  inches;  build  2.2  (31). 


SLENDER  X  FLESHY. 

The  Mother  has  at  43  years  the  formula  165/67  inches;  build  (7) 

Her  sibs  are  mostly  of  heavy  build.     Her  father,  a  merchant,  I 
years  the  formula  180/69  inches;  build  2.7  (38).    Her  mother,  who  had  5 
children,  died  at  53  years,  having  the  formula  135/64  inches;  build  2 
The  3  children: 

1.  Male,  a  salesman,  had  at  23  vears  the  formula  1 95  70  inches;  build 
2.8  (40);  adjusted  to  45  years,  210/70  inches;  build  3.0  (43). 

2.  Male,  a  law  student,  has  at  23  years  the  formula  175  70  inch*  - :  build 
2.5  (36) ;  adjusted  to  45  years,  190/70  inches;  build  2.7  (39). 

3.  Male,  a  college  student,  has  at  21  vears  the  formula   109/70  inch* 
build  2.4  (35) ;  adjusted  to  45  years,  186/70  inches;  build  2.7  i 

Comment. — All  3  children  have  a  fleshy  build  and  may  be  expected  to 
become  fleshier  than  the  Mother  (R  :  Fin-1). 

Met-A  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction,  living  in  Illinois.  The  Father.  a1  50 
years,  had  the  formula  200/72  inches;  build  2.7  (39).  Of  his  5  Bibs:  (1) 
Brother,  at  50  years,  170/68  inches;  build  2.6  (37).  (2)  Brother,  at  50 
years,  160/68  inches;  build  2.4  (35).  (3)  Brother,  at  50  vears,  160  68 
inches;  build  2.4  (35).  (4)  Sister,  at  50  years,  had  the  formula  200  T; 
build,  say,  3.2  (46±).  (5)  Sister,  at  50  years,  had  formula  1  10  M  :  build, 
say,  2.5  (35).  Both  their  father  and  mother  are  said  to  have  been  of 
medium  build. 

The  Mother,  at  50  years,  had  the  formula  120/63  inches;  build  2.1  (30). 
Of  her  5  sibs  who  reached  maturity:  (1)  Brother,  at  50  vears,  had  I 
formula  160/68  inches;  build  2.4  (35).  (2)  Sister.  130  tit  indie;  build 
2.2  (32).  (3)  Sister,  110/60  inches;  build  2.1  (31).  (4)  Sister,  120  63 
inches;  build  2.1  (30).  (5)  Sister,  110/63  inches;  build  1.9  (28.)  Their 
father  had  the  formula  140/S;  build,  say,  2.3  (33=t).  Their  mother  had  the 
formula  120/T;  build,  say,  2.0  (28±).    Five  grown  children: 

1.  Female,  at  35  years,  has  the  formula  165/65  inches;  build  2.7   (39) 
adjusted  to  50  years,  175/65  inches;  build  2.9  (41). 

2.  Male,  at  40  vears,  180/68  inches;  build  2.7  (39) ;  adjusted  to  50  years, 
183/68  inches;  build  2.8  (40). 

3.  Male,  at  40  years,  185/68  inches;  build  2.8  (40) ;  adjusted  to  50 
188/68  inches;  build  2.9  (41). 

4.  Male,  at  20  years,  160/68  inches;  build  2.4  (35) ;  adjusted  to  50 
178/69  inches;  build  2.7  (37). 

5.  Female,  at  35  years,  150/68  inches;  build  2.3  (32);  adjusted  to  50 
years,  161/68  inches;  build  2.4  (35). 

Comment. — On  the  adjusted  build,  all  children  are  above  the  mid-parent 
and  3  of  the  5  exceed  the  stouter  parent  (S  :  Met-A  I . 

Olm-A  Family.     (Fig.  30. 1 

A  family  of  old  American  stock  living  in  New  York  State.     The  1 
has  the  formula  170/67  inches;  build  2.7   (38).     He  has  B  fleshy  brol 
His  father  had  the  formula  150/66  inches ;  build  2. 1  (34). 

The  Mother  has  the  formula  100/64.5  inches;  build  1.7  (24).    Sh<   h  \&  I 

medium  brother  and  a  fleshy  sister.    Her  lather  had  the  formula  150  I 
inches;   build  2.4    (34).     Her  mother   had   the    formula    125  66.5    in< 
build  2.0  (28).    The  6  children: 

1.  Male,  at  60  years,  has  the  formula  102  01  inches;  build  3.6  I  I 

2.  Male,  250/67  inches;  build  3.6  (51). 


96  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

3.  Male,  180/66.5  inches;  build  2.9  (41). 

4.  Male,  150/68  inches;  build  2.3  (32). 

5.  Male,  155/65  inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

6.  Female,  175/66  inches;  build  2.8  (40). 

Comment.— A  fleshy  man,  whose  known  family  is  fleshy  or  medium,  has 
by  a  very  slender  woman  whose  family  shows  a  variety  of  builds,  6  chil- 
dren: 1  medium,  4  fleshy,  and  1  very  fleshy.  This  suggests  that  the  Father 
is  nearly  homozygous  for  the  factors  of  build  (S  :  Olm-A). 

She-12  Family. 

This  family,  whose  grandparents  came  from  Pennsylvania  and  New 
Jersey,  is  chiefly  of  English  and  German  stock.  The  10  children  were  born 
in  Iowa  and  Nebraska. 

The  Father,  soldier  and  editor,  is  in  good  health  at  76  years,  except  for 
"rheumatism";  formula,  180/69  inches;  build  2.7  (38).  His  father,  a  black- 
smith, who  was  killed  by  the  kick  of  a  horse,  had  the  formula  160/69 
inches;  build  2.4  (34).    The  Father's  mother,  who  had  a  large  family  and 

died  of  dropsy,  at  74  years  had  the  formula 
200/66  inches;  build  3.2  (46).  Thus  this  side 
of  the  house  is  prevailingly  of  fleshy  build. 
The  Mother,  with  10  children,  had  an 
attack  of  pneumonia  and  died  at  56  of  throat 
and  bronchial  trouble  and  had  the  formula 
120/65  inches;  build  2.0  (28).  The  Mother's 
father,  a  merchant,  who  died  of  a  fever,  had 
DI  H  ■  HS3H0  the  formula  175/72  inches;  build  2.4   (34). 

!      2      3     4      5     6  rpj^  M0ther's  mother,  who  was  inclined  to 

Fig.  36.-Pedigree  chart  show-        bronchiai  an(j  iung  diseases,  had  the  formula 
ZulTX"  "        120/65  inches;  build  2.0  (28).     She  died  of 

"old  age"  at  82  years.    This  side  of  the  house 
is  medium  to  slender.    The  7  grown  children  are: 

1.  Female,  married,  has  suffered  from  intestinal  indigestion  and  "some 
rheumatism."    At  48  her  formula  is  170/64  inches;  build  2.9  (42). 

2.  Male,  a  journalist,  who  was  weak  after  an  attack  of  scarlet  fever,  but 
developed  into  a  robust  man,  has  at  46  the  formula  180/69  inches;  build 
2.7  (38). 

3.  Female,  now  40  years  old,  married  and  with  a  family,  has  the  formula 
155/66  inches;  build  2.5  (36);  adjusted  to  55  years,  162/66  inches;  build 
2.6  (37). 

4.  Male,  a  linotype  operator,  subject  to  throat  and  stomach  trouble,  has 
the  formula  170/72  inches,  build  2.3  (33),  at  the  age  of  37  years;  adjusted 
to  55  years,  176/72  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

5.  Male,  a  promoter,  in  fine  health,  has  at  34  the  formula  160/72  inches; 
build  2.2  (31) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  168/72  inches;  build  2.3  (32). 

6.  Male,  a  journalist,  who  has  had  ear  and  throat  trouble  following 
scarlet  fever,  has,  at  32,  the  formula  170/69  inches;  build  2.5  (36) ;  adjusted 
to  55  years,  180/69  inches;  build  2.7  (38). 

7.  Female,  delicate  and  inclined  to  rheumatism,  at  29  years  has  the 
formula  120/65  inches;  build  2.0  (28) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  135/65  inches; 
build  2.2  (32). 

Comment. — Four  of  the  children  are  stout  like  the  Father;  the  others  are 
intermediate  to  slender  (R  :  She-12). 


SLENDER  X  FLESH!  . 

Yan-3  Family 

Grandparents  from  Pennsylvania  and  New  York;  children  born  in  Penn- 
sylvania and  Michigan;  chiefly  of   English  origin.     Father,  iron-worl 

subject  to  bronchial  and  catarrhal  troubles;  formula,  at   60  year-     I3fi 
inches;  build  2.1    (29).     Father's  lather,  a  minister,  Bubjed   to  catarrhal 
and  bronchial  troubles,  died  at  92  years   of   pneumonia;    formula    130 
inches;  build  2.0   (29).     Father's  mother  died  of  pneumonia   at   SI   year-; 
formula  122/65  inches;  build  2.0  (29).    This  side  <>I"  the  house  ifl  slender. 

The   Mother,   who   has    some    catarrhal    and    bronchial    trouble,    ha-    the 
formula  150/64  inches;  build  2.6  (36.6).     Her  father,  who  died  at  72  y< 
of  kidney  trouble  and  constipation,  had  the  formula   150/67  inches;  build 
2.3  (33).    Her  mother  had  the  formula  160/64  inches;  build  2.7  (39).    'I 
side  of  the  house  is  of  or  above  the  average  build.    There  an-  3  childn  a: 

1.  Female,  a  teacher,  has  at  27  years  old  the  formula   110/65  inch- 
build  1.8  (26). 

2.  Female,  who  had  an  attack  of  typhoid  fever,  had  the  formula  150  64 
inches;  build  2.6  (36.6)  (''physically  and  mentally  like  mother"  I. 

3.  Male,  at  18  years,  has  the  formula  125/68.5  inches;  build  1.8  (27); 
adjusted  to  50  years,  135/69  inches;  build  2.0  (281.  Thus  2  of  the  children 
resemble  the  (slender)  paternal  side  and  1  the  maternal   (K  :  Van-3). 

Mating  3.  Very  Slender   x   Very  Fleshy. 

Mention  may  be  made  of  one  example  of  this  extreme  mating, 
namely,  of  a  very  fleshy  man  with  a  very  slender  woman,  wh< 
slenderness  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  she  had  formerly  suffered  an 
acute  attack  of  tuberculosis.  The  two  children  are  still  young  I  L9 
and  21  years),  but  are  already  3  and  5  points  respectively  above 
average  build  (English  system),  suggesting  dominance  of  flesbin* 
The  detailed  history  of  this  mating  follows. 

Goo-8  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction  living  in  Massachusetts.     The  Father,  a 
shoe  manufacturer,  is  living  at  47  years,  having  the  formula  210  66  incl 
build  3.4  (48).    His  father,  a  farmer,  who  died  at  63  years  from  Blight's 
disease,  was  of  medium  build.     His  mother,  who  had  only  1  child,  suffi 
in  youth  from  tonsillitis.    She  is  living  at  75  years  and  is  of  medium  build 
The  very  stout  Father  is  probably  heterozygous  in  build. 

The  Mother,  who  has  2  children,  suffered  in  youth  from  tonsillitis  ami 
scarlet  fever;  in  middle  age  from  tubercular  trouble  ("cured").  She  i> 
living  at  46  years,  having  the  formula  100/66  inches;  build  1.6  (23).  Her 
2  brothers  were  tall.  Her  father,  a  farmer,  well  except  for  headaches,  was 
a  distant  cousin  to  his  wife.  He  is  living  at  72  years,  having  the  formula 
150/66  inches;  build  2.4  (34).  Her  mother,  who  had  3  childn  n.  died  from 
cancer  at  58  years,  having  the  formula  130/63  inches;  build  2.3  (33).  Thus 
the  mother  comes  of  medium  (heterozygous'  I  stock;  her  extreme  siendern.  m 
is  associated  with  a  tendency  to  active  tuberculosis.    The  2  children: 

1.  Male,  a  student,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  tonsillitis,  has  at  _'i 

the  formula  153/69  inches;  build  2.3   (32);  adjusted  to    17  170  69 

inches;  build  2.5  (36). 

2.  Male,  a  student,  who  in  youth  suffered   from  diphtheria,  has  at    19 
years  the  formula  160/67  inches;  build  2.5    (36);   adjusted  to    17  >■ 
180/69  inches;  build  2.7  (38). 

Comment. — The  children  are  medium   to   fleshy;   they   are  still   young 
(R  :  Goo-8). 


98 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


Mating  4.  Slender  x  Very  Fleshy  Matings   (Table  IX) . 

Another  test  of  dominance  of  the  fleshy  factors  is  afforded  by  table 
IX.  The  details  will  be  found  in  the  following  pages.  The  distribu- 
tion of  the  progeny  is  indicated  in  table  29.  The  sums  of  table  29, 
reduced  to  percentages,  are:  12.5  S,  42.5  M,  35  F,  10  VF.  On  the 
4-zygotic-factor  hypothesis  of  build,  an  equality  of  medium  and  fleshy 
progeny  is  expected.  On  the  6-factor  hypothesis,  a  5  X  2  mating 
would  produce  two  types  of  families.  Averaging  these  two  types,  the 
expected  proportions  are  9  S,  41  M,  41  F,  9  VF,  which  is  fairly  close 
to  the  proportions  actually  found.  It  will  be  observed  that  fleshy 
progeny  are  not  far  less  frequent  than  those  of  medium  build. 

Table  29. — Matings  of  a  slender  parent  and  a  very  fleshy  one,  together  with  their  progeny. 


References. 

Parentage. 

Offspring. 

FF 

FM 

F 

Father's 
sibs. 

MF 

MMj    M 

Mother's 
sibs. 

VS 

s 

M 

F 

1 
VF 

Ban  2 

Ben  8 

Bon  A 

Bun 

Cle  5   .... 

Coo 

1  Fen  1 

31 
42 
38 
40 
F 
34 
M 

48 
31 
26 

S 

34 

F 

44 
49 
28 
51 
57 
30 
29 
44 
30 
44 
30 
29 
49 

33 
M 
39 
35 

25 
F 

32 

26 

26  ± 

45 

26 

26 

54 

49 

27 

49 

29 

51 

46 

27 

1 

1 
2 

1 

1 
1 

1 

2  t 

5  VF 

........ 

....  I ...  . 



1 

IF 

4S 

1 
1 

2 

2 
1 
2 
2 
2 
1 

1 

1 
3 

IF 

2S,  2F... 

27 
M 

32 
49 

3  F 

1  F,  1  VF. 

2 

Har  15 .  .  . 

Hor  9 

How  8...  . 

Kro  3 

Tea  A 

41 
44 
37 
34 

28 
24 
27 
42 

It 

35 

S 

40 

38 

49 
M 
46 
28 

3  t 

4 

1 

1 

1 

3 



5 
]?,  5 

17 
4?,  5 

14        4 

Percen- 
tages (4) 

35 

10 

Offspring:  A,  36.54  ±  0.59  S.  D.,  5.51  ±  0.42. 

Before  passing  to  the  description  of  the  13  families  based  on 
Eugenics  Record  Office  data,  reference  may  be  made  to  a  case  described 
by  Rose  (1907).  A  slender  man  (II  1)  of  slender  parents  married  a 
woman  who  weighed  200  pounds  ("livres")  and  over.  Her  father 
weighed  270  pounds  and  her  mother,  while  not  obese,  has  a  goiter. 
From  the  primary  slender  X  very  fleshy  mating  were  derived  4  chil- 
dren (fig.  37,  III  1  to  5).  The  first  is  fleshy;  the  third  slender.  The 
second,  a  girl,  at  16  weighed  150  pounds,  but  after  chlorosis  became 
slenderer.  This  girl  married  a  man  apparently  of  medium  build,  and 
they  had  4  children,  of  whom  3  died  of  meningitis  and  the  other  is 
an  obese  infant,  weighing  36  pounds  at  15  months.  The  fourth  and 
last  of  the  main  fraternity  is  a  girl  who,  at  15  years,  is  145  cm.  tall 
and  weighs  75  kg.     This  gives  her  an  index  of  build  of  3.6  (51),  very 


SLENDER  X  1  LBSH1  . 

fleshy.  She  was  very  fleshy  at  4  years,  ami  has  a  big  appetite.  The 
fat  is  accumulated  on  abdomen,  breasts,  and  appendages,  except 
hands  and  feet.  The  extreme  obesity  came  on  at  puberty  and 
menstruation  has  never  been  regular.  Epiphyses  of  radius  and  meta- 
carpals of  fingers  are  fused  to  their  diaphyses.  These  facta  indie 
an  obesity  of  both  the  dystrophic  adiposo-genitalis  type  ami  the 
hypothyroid  type.     The  progeny  are  thus  1  S,  1  M,  1  F,  and  1  \  I •'. 

Arx-5  Family. 

This  is  a  family  of  the  north  central  States,  of  English  stock.    The  Father, 
an  engineer,  had  pneumonia  in  youth  and  an  attack  of  gravel  at  45;  his 

formula  at    60  years   is   193/0(5   inch, 
build  3.1   (44).  *  His  9  brothers  are  all 
one-eighth    to   3    inches    below    a 
stature.      His    father,   who   Buffered    G 
attacks    of    inflammatory    rheumatism, 
died  at  59  years  of  enlargement  of  the 
heart;   formula,   135/65.5   inches;   build 
2.2   (31).     His  mother,  who  had  typhoid 
at  25  years  and  catarrh  of  stomach  at 
55,    has    (at    70    years)     the    formula 
180/02.4  inches;   build  3.3    (48).     Thus 
the    Father,    like    his    mother,    is    very 
fleshy;  but  there  is  a  slender  Btrain  in 
the  family. 

The  Mother,  who  died  of  tuberculi 
of  the  lungs  at  40  year-  alter  having  had 
(3'mWiw  5  children,  had  the  formula  95  61  inchi  - ; 

build  1.8  (25.5).    One  of  her  4  sibs  died 

Fig.  37.-Pedigree  chart  of  Roses  case.       of    «hardenmg    of    Iung8.«       ]I(r     i:lthor, 

who  after  attacks  of  pneumonia  died  at  07  of  tuberculosis,  had  the  formula 
140/05  inches;  build  2.3   (33).     Her  mother,  who  had  active  tuberculosis 
at  43  years,  with  recovery,  has  at  73  years  the  formula  105  »'>">  inches;  build 
1.7  (25).     Thus  Mother  and  Mother's  mother  are  very  slender  (associl 
with  tuberculosis);  and  there  is  no  fleshiness  in  the  record.    There  ai 
grown  children: 

1.  Female,  who  has  always  been  well,  has  at  24  years  the  formula  124  61 
inches;  build  2.4  (33) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  140/01  inches;  build  2.1 

2.  Male,  who  has  always  been  well,  has  at  22  years  the  formula  133  67 
inches;  build  2.1  (29) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  149/08  inches;  build  2 

Comment.— Thus  the  progeny  of  these  parents  of  opposite  build  are  into 
mediate;  in  the  adjusted  build  inclining  toward  fleshiness  (P  :  hn 

Ban-2  Family. 
A  family  of  Dutch  extraction  living  in  northern  New  York       I    ■    1 
a  farmer,  suffered  in  youth  from  typhoid  fever;  in  middle  age  from  l 
douloureux.    He  died  at  54  years  from  heart   failure,  "blood  b< 
and  watery";  formula,  225/08  inches;  build  3.4    I  19).     One  oi   his  i 
died  at  40  years  from  tuberculosis  of  lungs.     One  ol  his  broth<  :  at 

29  years  from  "consumption  of  bowels."     His  father,  a  tanner,  sufifi 
middle  age  from  inflammatory  rheumatism,  and  died  at    7  1 
apoplexy.    At  00  years  his  formula  was  210  71  inches;  build  2.9  I  12).     II  - 
mother  died  at  08  years  from  heart  failure,  having  at  60  >  «lta 


100  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

140/67  inches;  build  2.2  (31).     Thus  we  have  a  very  fleshy  parent  with 
tuberculous  sibs  and  a  fleshy  father. 

The  Mother,  who  in  middle  age  suffered  from  dyspepsia,  "after  meno- 
pause very  gradually  lost  her  mind,  becoming  imbecile  and  helpless  till 
death,  at  66  years,"  having  the  formula  96/S  inches;  build  26=t.  Five  of 
her  sibs  were  corpulent.  One  brother,  "small  and  light  framed,"  died  at  27 
years  from  tuberculosis.  Their  father  was  of  medium  build.  Their  mother, 
who  in  middle  age  suffered  from  paralysis,  died  at  73  years  from  cancer  of 
breast ;  at  60  years  was  corpulent.  The  slender  mother  is  from  fleshy  stock. 
The  2  children: 

1.  Male,  head  of  a  factory,  has  at  50  years  the  formula  180/68  inches; 
build  2.7  (39). 

2.  Male,  a  teacher,  has  at  45  years  the  formula  185/69  inches;  build 
2.7  (39). 

Comment. — Both  offspring  at  middle  age  are  intermediate  in  build  between 
the  two  parents,  but  somewhat  closer  to  the  very  fleshy  one  (R  :  Ban-2). 

Ben-8  Family. 

A  northern  family,  of  which  the  4  children  were  born  in  Michigan,  of 
mixed  English,  Scotch,  and  other  stock. 

The  Father,  a  farmer,  who  enjoys  good  health,  has  at  40  years  the  formula 
135/69  inches;  build  2.0  (28).  Both  his  sibs  are  above  the  average  in 
stature.  His  father,  a  farmer,  who  died  from  over-exertion  in  the  sun 
at  48  years,  had  the  formula  190/71  inches;  build  2.7  (38).  His  mother 
died  of  "heart  trouble"  at  71  years;  formula  100/62  inches;  build  1.8  (26). 
Thus,  the  slender  parent  has  one  fleshy  parent  in  turn. 

The  Mother,  who  has  "heart  trouble,"  has  at  40  years  the  formula  195/66 
inches;  build  3.1  (45).  Her  3  sibs  are  all  tall.  The  Mother's  father,  a  mill- 
man,  died  at  61  years  of  Bright 's  disease,  having  the  formula  205/73  inches; 
build  2.7  (39).  The  Mother's  mother,  who  is  well,  had  at  56  years  the 
formula  150/67  inches;  build  2.3  (32).  This  side  of  the  house  is  prevail- 
ingly fleshy.    The  2  grown  children  are: 

1.  Male,  has,  at  21  years,  the  formula  185/71  inches;  build  2.6  (36); 
adjusted  to  40  years,  202/71  inches;  build  2.8  (40). 

2.  Female,  at  19  years,  has  the  formula  130/67  inches;  build  2.9  (29); 
adjusted  to  40  years,  145/67  inches;  build  2.3  (32). 

Comment. — One  child  is  fleshy  like  the  Mother  (adjusted  build)  ;  the 
other  is  of  medium  build;  both  are  between  the  parental  extremes. 

Bon-A  Family. 

A  family  from  New  Hampshire.  The  Father,  at  55  years,  had  the 
formula  250/70  inches;  build  3.6  (51).  His  brother,  at  55  years,  had  the 
formula  160/63  inches;  build  2.8  (40).  Their  father,  at  61  vears,  had  the 
formula  200/71  inches;  build  2.8  (40). 

The  Mother,  at  55  years,  had  the  formula  120/68  inches;  build  1.8  (26). 
Of  her  4  sibs:  (1)  Brother,  at  50  years,  150/72  inches;  build  2.0  (29). 
(2)  Sister,  at  55  years,  115/65  inches;  build  1.9  (27).  (3)  Sister,  at  58  vears, 
119/65  inches;  build  2.0  (28).  (4)  Sister,  at  60  years,  130/68  inches  fbuild 
2.0  (28).    Their  father,  at  85  years,  180/71.5  inches;  build  2.5  (35 K 

The  one  child,  male,  at  40  years,  220/71  inches;  build  3.1  (44). 

Comment. — The  progeny  of  these  two  parents,  one  of  prevailingly  fleshy 
stock,  the  other  of  slender  stock,  is  a  very  fleshy  child,  but  less  extreme  than 
his  parent,  who  is  15  years  older  (S  :  Bon-A). 


BL1  M»KH    •    FLESH  ^ 


I'll 


Bin   Family.      (Fig.  38  I 

A  Long  Island  family  of  English  stock.    The  Father,  at  maturity,  ! 
the  formula  280/70  inches;  build  4.0   (57);  very  fleshy.     Bis  fat 
fleshy;  his  mother  slender.     The  Mother,  at   maturity,  had  the   formula 
125/69  inches;  build  1.8   (26);  slender.     She  belongs  '"  a  slender  family. 

The  four  offspring  are  all  mature,  40  to  50  years:    il  I   female,  ll<> 
inches;  build  1.8  (25.5);  very  Blender;  i2i  female.  140  66  incl  i  s;  build  22 
(32);  medium;  (3)  male,  160/70  inches;  build  2.3  (33);  medium;  (4)  male. 
198/67  inches;  build,  at  45  years,  3.1   (44);  very  fleshy    (at  .'ill  his 


■Kr® 


m 


E 


2        3        4 


JMb  £  i  1  i  i  i  bjfo  6 


5       6      7       8      9      10     II      12      13      14 


Fiu.  38. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build  in  Bum  family. 

build  was  2.3  (33)  or  medium).  This  very  fleshy  man  has  by  a  wife  of 
medium  build  (but  3  of  whose  9  sibs  are  fleshy)  2  daughters;  one,  at  18 
years,  is  121/62.5  inches;  build  2.1  (31);  medium;  the  other  at  12  years, 
is  145/62  inches;  build  2.7  (38) ;  fleshy;  far  above  normal  build  for  her  age. 
Comment. — The  principal  mating  has  produced  a  variable  progeny,  but 
the  tendency  to  obesity  is  traceable  through  three  generations 

Cle-5  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction  living  in  Ohio.  The  Father,  a  farmer,  who 
has  for  years  been  subject  to  stomach  trouble,  lias  at  62  years  the  formula 
140/68  inches;  build  2.1  (30).  He  has  a  fleshy  brother.  His  father,  a 
farmer,  died  at  86  years  from  ''probable  cancer  of  ear."  having  the  formula 
140/64  inches;  build  2.4  (34).  His  mother  died  at  80  year-  of  indigestion; 
formula,  150/66  inches;  build  2.4  (34).  This  is  a  family  of  -lender  to 
medium  build. 

The  Mother,  who  in  youth  was  liable  to  asthma  and  throat  trouble  and 
in  middle  age  to  rheumatism,  underwent  an  operation  at  Is  •.  ■  its  for 
cancer  of  breast.  At  25  or  30  years  she  began  to  grow  fleshj 
she  has  the  formula  200/61  inches;  build  3.8  (64).  She  baa  3  fleshy  sibs. 
Her  father,  a  farmer,  died  at  69  years  of  "enlargement  (probably  cancer) 
of  liver";  formula,  130/69  inches;  build  1.9  (27).  Her  mother,  who  had 
12  children,  and  who  underwent  two  operations  for  cancer  on  oose,  dad 
at  83  years  of  indigestion;  formula.  130.  64  inches;  build  2  2  •-'  The  i 
fleshy  Mother's  fraternity  is  apparently  derived  from  slender-medium 
parents.  But  one  of  these  had  probably  losl  weight  before  her  death  at 
83  years.    The  4  grown  children: 


102 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


1.  Female,  who  has  suffered  from  asthma,  stomach  trouble,  gallstones, 
diphtheria,  and  appendicitis,  has  at  36  years  the  formula  120/63  inches; 
build  2.1  (30) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  130/63  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

2.  Male,  a  farmer,  has  at  35  years  the  formula  140/70  inches;  build  2.0 
(29) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  148/70  inches;  build  2.1  (30). 

3.  Male,  a  farmer,  subject  in  youth  to  indigestion  and  catarrh  of  throat 
and  nose.  At  25  years  he  has  the  formula  165/68  inches;  build  2.5  (36) ; 
adjusted  to  55  years,  179/68  inches;  build  2.7  (39). 

4.  Male,  a  teacher,  who  has  suffered  from  diphtheria  and  colds,  has  at 
23  years  the  formula  125/63  inches;  build  2.2  (32) ;  adjusted  to  55  years, 
139/63  inches;  build  2.5  (35). 

Comment. — The  offspring  are  still  young,  and  we  do  not  know  just  how 
they  will  develop.  One  is  fleshy  (but  far  less  so  than  his  Mother) ;  2  are 
intermediate,  and  1,  at  35  years,  is  even  slender  (R  :  Cle-5). 


mih-Q 


Coo  Family.     (Fig.  39.) 

This  is  a  New  York  State  family 
upon  which  I  personally  made  obser- 
vations. A  slender-medium  man  (II 
5);  build  about  2.0  (29),  who  has  2 
fleshy  and  2  slender  sibs,  married  a 
very  fleshy  woman,  build  3.4  (49), 
whose  2  sibs  are  also  fleshy,  3.4  (48) 
and  2.8  (40)  respectively.  Her 
mother  was  also  about  3.4  (49). 
There  were  two  daughters.  One  has 
now  at  42  years  a  build  of  3.4  (48) ; 
her  sister  a  build  of  2.4  (34)  with  a 
tendency  to  increase.  The  fleshy  sis- 
ter married  a  man  of  slender  build, 
whose  3  sibs  are  of  slender  to  medium 
build.  There  are  5  children,  all  under 
16  except  one  boy  who,  at  20  years, 
has  a  build  of  2.3  (32).  He  is  73 
inches  (183  cm.)  tall.  All  of  the 
other  children  are  of  about  medium 
build. 

Comment. — The   very   fleshy    (but 
heterozygous)  Mother  mated  with  a  slender  man  has  children,  all  of  whom 
are  apparently  of  medium  build  (73  :  656). 

Fen-1  Family. 

A  family  of  English,  Austrian,  and  Swiss  extraction,  grandparents  and 
children  living  in  New  York  State  and  California.  The  Father,  a  merchant, 
died  at  81  years  from  ulcer  of  the  stomach.  At  50  years  he  had  the  formula 
210/69.5  inches;  build  3.1  (44). 

The  Mother,  who  has  5  children,  has  always  been  well.  She  is  living  at  77 
years,  having  at  50  years  the  formula  102/61.5  inches;  build  1.8  (27).  One 
of  her  sisters  died  at  79  years  from  "rheumatism  of  heart."  The  5 
children  are: 

1.  Male,  a  manufacturer,  who  suffered  in  youth  from  typhoid  fever. 
He  has  at  50  years  the  formula  180/68.5  inches;  build  2.7  (38). 


Fig.  39. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribu- 
tion of  build  in  the  Coo  family. 


SLENDER  X  FLESHY.  [QQ 

2.  Male,  a  merchant,  has  at  40  years  the  formula  140  66  inches;  build 

2.3  (32) ;  adjusted  to  50  years,  143/66  inches;  build  2  3  (88). 

3.  Female,  always  well,  married,  has  at  40  yean  the  formula  120  >■ 

inches;  build  1.9  (27) ;  adjusted  to  50  years,  126/66.5  inches;  build  2  0  I  - 

4.  Male,  a  broker,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  typhoid  fever.  :tt   17 
147/69.5  inches;  build  2.1  (30). 

5.  Male,  who  suffered  from  hemorrhage  of  limps  while  at  college,  i 
by  "excessive  running,"  died  at  31   years  from  tuberculosis  at   28 
having  the  formula  158/74  inches;  build  2.1    (29);  adjusted  to  60  y< 
173/74  inches;  build  2.2  (32). 

Comment. — The  children  are  intermediate  in  build  between  the  para 
Only  1  out  of  5  is  even  fleshy. 

Har-15  Family. 

A  family  of  English  (and  Welsh)  extraction;  grandparents  living  in  the 
northern  United  States. 

The  Father,  a  twin,  who  was  in  the  Civil  War  and  has  since  Buffered  from 
a  tendency  toward  tuberculosis  but  was  living  at  71  years,  has  the  formula 
150/70.5  inches;  build  2.1  (30).    One  of  his  sisters  died  of  tubercul< 
30  years,  and  one  of  pneumonia  at  77  years.    His  father,  who  was  a  farmer 
and  "never  sick,"  died  of  pneumonia  at  47  years,  and  had  the  appmxn 
formula  180/66.5  inches;  build  2.9  (41).    His  mother,  who  died  at  48  >• 
of  "abscess  on  the  back"  after  years  of  ailing,  was  of  slender  build.  Bay,  2.0 
(28).    Thus,  probably  on  account  of  the  tubercular  tendency,  the  Fat! 
build  is  slender  like  his  mother. 

The  Mother,  who  had  11  children,  had  a  tendency  toward  tuberculo 
in  youth,  but  in  middle  life  suffered  from  "obesity,  rheumatism,  and  vari< 
veins,"  was  genial  and  a  ready  and  humorous  talker;  at  61  years  her 
formula  200/64  inches;  build  3.4  (49).  Her  father,  who  was  a  traveling 
salesman  and  seldom  ill  except  for  "tobacco  heart,"  died  of  paralysis  at 
77  years;  his  formula,  170/70  inches;  build  2.4  (35).  Her  mother,  who  had 
pneumonia  in  middle  life  and  suffered  much  from  "delicate  lungs,"  died  of  a 
pulmonary  abscess  at  37  years;  her  formula,  194/63  inches;  build  3.5  (49). 
Thus  the  Mother's  build  is  just  like  her  mother's.  Of  the  5  children  who 
grew  up : 

1.  Female,  a  teacher,  who  has  suffered  from  bronchitis,  tuberculosis,  and 
rheumatism,  at  34  years  has  the  formula  162/66  inches;  build  2.6  (87); 
adjusted  to  50  years,  173/66  inches;  build  2.8  (40). 

2.  Male,  a  mechanical  engineer,  always  well,  at  30  vears  has  the  formula 
170/68.5  inches;  build  2.5    (36);  adjusted  to  50  years,   181/68.5  incl 
build  2.7  (39). 

3.  Female,  married  and  always  well,  at  26  years  has  the  formula 
135/64  inches;  build  2.3  (33);  adjusted  to  50  vears,  151/64  inches;  build 
2.6  (36.9). 

4.  Male,  a  millwright,  who  suffers  from  valvular  heart  troul  '  M 
years  has  the  formula  140/67  inches;  build  2.2  (31  I ;  adjusted  to  60  yean, 
150/67  inches;  build  33. 

5.  Male,  an  optometrist,  always  well,  has  at  23  yean  the  formula  ]"»<>  69.8 
inches;  build  2.2  (30.6) ;  adjusted  to  50  years,  169/70  inches;  build  :t>. 

Comment. — Thus  3  of  the  children  are  intermediate  in  build  between  the 
parents  and  2  are  fleshy.    The  build  of  the  children  inclines  slightly  ton 
the  fleshier  side  of  the  house;  but  variability  between  indices  40  and  33  is 
marked  (R  :  Har-15). 


104  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

Hor-9  Family. 

A  family  of  Dutch  and  English  extraction,  living  in  Pennsylvania  and 
New  York  State.  The  Father,  who  is  a  manufacturer,  always  well,  has  at 
53  years  the  formula  218/70.5  inches;  build  3.1  (44).  His  father,  who  is  a 
manufacturer,  and  suffered  in  middle  age  from  malaria  and  measles,  is 
living,  at  75  years  having  the  formula  215/70  inches;  build  3.1  (44).  His 
mother,  who  has  5  children,  always  well,  has  at  70  years  the  formula 
83/S;  build,  say,  1.7  (24). 

The  Mother,  who  has  2  children  and  who  in  middle  age  suffered  from 
pneumonia,  has  at  52  years  the  formula  124/66  inches;  build  2.0  (29).  Her 
father,  who  was  a  cabinet-maker,  always  well,  till  at  41  years  he  died  from 
chronic  diarrhea,  was  a  slender  man.  Her  mother,  who  had  5  children,  was 
always  well;  she  died,  at  24  years,  of  child-birth;  she  was  of  medium  build. 
Two  grown  children: 

1.  Female,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  measles  (4  times),  diphtheria,  and 
pneumonia,  and  has  undergone  operations  for  hernia,  tubercular  glands, 
and  appendicitis,  has  at  23  years  the  formula  116/66.5  inches;  build  1.9 
(26) ;  adjusted  to  53  years,  135/66.5  inches;  build  2.1  (31). 

2.  Female,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  typhoid  fever  and  influenza,  has 
at  20  years  the  formula  119/62  inches;  build  2.2  (31) ;  adjusted  to  53  years, 
138/62  inches;  build  2.5  (36). 

Comment. — The  children,  who  are  quite  young,  are  of  a  build  intermediate 
between  (or  less  than)  that  of  parents,  though  a  tendency  to  obesity  is 
found  in  Father  and  grandfather  (R  :  Hor-9) . 

How-8  Family. 

A  Vermont  family  of  English  origin.  The  Father,  an  author,  was  sup- 
posed to  have  had  active  tuberculosis  in  youth.  He  is  living,  at  83  years, 
with  the  formula  135/67  inches;  build  2.1  (30).  All  3  of  his  sibs  died  of 
pulmonary  tuberculosis.  His  father,  a  farmer,  died  at  79  years,  having  the 
formula  180/70  inches;  build  2.6  (37).  His  mother  died  at  81  years, 
formula,  100/61  inches;  build  1.9  (27).  This  is  a  prevailingly  slender 
family  with  tubercular  tendency. 

The  Mother,  who  has  suffered  from  enlarged  tonsils  and  inflammatory 
rheumatism,  has,  at  70  years,  the  formula  220/66  inches;  build  3.6  (51). 
One  of  her  brothers  has  a  powerful  physique.  The  Mother's  father,  a 
legislator,  died  at  75  years;  formula,  200/71  inches;  build  2.8  (40).  The 
Mother's  mother,  who  died  at  70  years  of  Bright's  disease,  had  the  formula 
200/66  inches;  build  3.2  (46).  This  family  is  characterized  by  fleshiness. 
The  5  children  are  all  sons: 

1.  A  writer,  at  48,  has  the  formula  150/65.5  inches;  build  2.4  (35). 

2.  A  farmer,  with  an  organic  defect  of  the  heart,  has,  at  47,  the  formula 
170/67  inches;  build  2.7  (38). 

3.  A  farmer,  with  chronic  Bright's  disease,  has  the  formula  180/70  inches; 
build  2.6  (37) ,  at  the  age  of  44. 

4.  A  teacher,  troubled  with  rheumatism,  has,  at  41  years,  the  formula 
185/68  inches;  build  2.8  (40);  adjusted  to  55  years,  190/68  inches;  build 
2.9  (41). 

5.  Twin  to  (4),  a  forester,  has,  at  41  years,  the  formula  180/68.5  inches; 
build  2.7  (38) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  185/68.5  inches;  build  2.8  (39). 

Comment. — Thus  the  children  are  intermediate  in  build  between  parents. 
Tuberculosis  is  absent.  Conditions  that  induced  fleshiness  on  the  mother's 
side  are  reduced  in  the  offspring  of  the  slender  and  fleshy  mating 
(R  :  How-8). 


BLENDER  X  FLESHY.  Hi.", 

Kbo  .*>  Family. 

A  family  of  Russian  and  Austrian  extraction,  living  in  New  Yorl 

The  Father,  who  is  a  tailor,  nervous  has,  :it    »•">  formuln   I  J" 

inches;  build  2.0  (29).    Hi^  father,  who  was  a  tailor,  :dv. 
85  years  from  pneumonia.     Formula.  150/66  inches;  build  2.4    I 
mother,  who  had  5  children,  always  well,  died  at  56  yeara  from  pneumi 
Formula.  140/58;  build  2.9  (42). 

The  Mother,  who  has  3  children,  has  at    it  years  the  formula   172  61 
inches;  build  3.2  (46).    Her  father,  who  was  a  tailor,  is  living  at  81 
Formula,  175/68  inches;  build  2.7  (38).     Ber  mother,  who  had  6  children, 
died  at  58  years  from  pneumonia.    Formula.  101  <(>()  indie-;  build  2  I 

The  only  grown  child,  a  male,  who  in  youth  Buffered  from  diphthi 
scarlet  fever,  and  pneumonia,  has  at  19  years  the  formula  203  72  in< 
build  2.7  (39) ;  adjusted  to  45  years,  228/74  inches;  build  2.8  |  12). 

Comment. — The  child  is  young  and  the  possibilities  of  build  in  hi-  ■ 
can  not  be  foreseen,  but  he  is  already  stout  and  may  be  expected  to  approach 
his  fleshy  Mother  in  build  (R  :  Kro-3). 

Tea-A  Family. 

A  family  from  New  York  State.    The  Father,  at  70  years,  had  the  formula 
225/68  inches;  build  3.4  (49). 

The  Mother,  at  50  years,  had  the  formula  115/65  inches;  build  1.9  (27 
The  5  children  are: 

1.  Male,  at  58  years,  has  the  formula  225/70  inches;  build  3.2  <  16). 

2.  Male,  at  40  years,  140/69  inches;  build  2.1  (29) ;  adjusted  to  55  y<  trs, 
145/69  inches;  build  2.1  (31). 

3.  Male,  at  68  years,  130/68  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 

4.  Female,  at  60  years.  125/64  inches;  build  2.2  (31). 

5.  Female,  at  62  years,  140/66  inches;  build  2.3  (32). 

Comment. — There  are  2  slender  children.  2  medium,  and   1   very  fleshy, 
suggesting  a  sire  who  is  heterozygous  for  build  (S  :  Tea— A  ). 

Summary. 

Combining  the  progeny  of  the  4  matings  of  the   F    generation, 
we  get  the  results  shown  in  table  30.     The  mean  of  this  series  is 
37.82^0.31;    the    standard   deviation    is    5.07  =*  0.22.      It    will 
observed  that  the  proportions  of  the  totals  autre  closely  with  tl 
mating  1  and  give  a  somewhat  closer  agreement,  with  the  expectation 
of  8  :  42  :  42  :  8,  than  mating  1  does. 

The  standard  deviation  of  5.07  ±  0.22  is  greater  than  that  of  the 
progeny  of  slender  X  slender  parents  (3.17  0.17),  but  not  bo  great 
as  that  of  very  fleshy  X  fleshy  parents  of  fleshy  stock  ( table  24  I  which 
is  5.74  ±  0.39.  It  is  much  less  than  the  standard  deviation  of  the  1 
progeny  (table  31),  which  is  6.78  ±  0.26.  This  is  in  accordance  with 
the  usual  genetical  finding,  that  the  F,  generation  is  [ess  variable  than 
the  F,  generation.  In  this  respect,  as  in  so  many  others,  the  distribu- 
tion of  progeny  is  exactly  that  found  in  experimentally  determined 
multiple-factor  characters.  The  heredity  of  build  follows  closely  the 
Mendelian  formulas. 


106 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


It  is  noteworthy  that  the  Fx  generation  has  an  average  build  that 
is  above  the  mean  of  the  population ;  the  progeny  of  F  X  S  matings 
are  not  strictly  intermediate,  but  incline  toward  fleshiness.  This  in- 
dicates again  the  presence  of  dominant  fleshy  factors. 

Table  30. — Matings  of  a  slender  parent  and  one  of  fleshy  stock,  together  with  their  progeny. 


No. 

Nature  of  mating. 

Grades  of  offspring. 

VS 

s 

M 

F 

VF 

1 

2 
3 
4 

One  parent  S,  of  S  stock;  the  other  F,  of  F  stock 

4 

18 
7 
1 

17 

35 

15 

1 

14 

7 
2 

4 

Other  slender  X  fleshy  matings 

2 

One  parent  VS;  the  other  VF 

One  parent  S;  the  other  VF 

5 

Total 

9 

7 

43 
33 

65 
50 

13 
10 

Proportion 

VS 


M 


F        YF 


7ft 

SxS 

1  V 

£  ft 

DU 

Fx5 

C  ft 

3  \* 

30 

«J»  V 

J-te— 

20 

1 

1 

1 

< 

i 

i  n-4 

f 

1  u^ 

I 1 

1 
! 

1 

— - 

i 

Fig.  40. — Three  superimposed  polygons  showing  distribution,  in  the  various  classes  of  build,  of 

the  progeny  of  the  following  matings: 

Slender  X  slender  (S  X  S) Table  23 

Very  fleshy  X  fleshy  (F  X  F) Table  24 

Fleshy  X  slender  (F  X  S) Table  27 


HETER0ZYGO1  8   M  STINGS.  107 

If  one  superimposes  in  the  same  drawing  the  distribution  polygon! 
of  the  parental  and  F,  generations  tables  23,  24,  25  and  30  I  Bg    L0 
the  modes  of  the  fleshy  parents  and  the  1    generation  stand  at  fleshy, 
though  the  mean  of  the  Fx  generation  is  intermediate  between  tin- 
means  of  the  parental  stocks. 

Class  IV.    Mating  of  Prouably  Heterozygous  Parents  mn   I 

Generation  I 

We  have  next  to  consider  the  distribution  of  build  in  the  progi 
of  parents  both  of  whom  are  certainly  or  probably  heterozygous  and. 
as  such,  probably  carry  gametes  for  slenderness,  as  well  as  fleshin 
This  is  the  mating  in  which  the  geneticist  finds  evidence  for  segrega- 
tion, in  that  the  parental  types  reappear  nearly  or  quite  as  they  went 
into  the  combination.  At  any  rate,  this  generation  is  characterized 
by  a  greater  variability  than  the  F2  generation.  However,  this  greater 
variability  is  the  less  marked  the  greater  the  Dumber  of  factors  in- 
volved in  the  prevailing  dominant  trait — in  this  case  fleshiness. 

Two  classes  of  matings  will  be  considered — that  of  parents,  whether 
medium  or  fleshy,  who  probably  carry  gametes  for  slenderness,  and 
that  of  other  parents  who  are  both  of  medium  build. 

Mating  1.  Both  Parents  Either  Medium  or  Fleshy  and  Probablt  Cabbtow  <'.\  metes 

for  Slenderness  as  well  as  I*Yi-iiin. 

This  mating  includes  certain  parents  selected,  usually  on  the 
ground  of  dissimilar  grandparents  on  each  side,  as  those  which  are 
probably  of  the  Fi  generation.  The  families  used  are  summarized  in 
table  31,  which  is  made  up  of  the  appropriate  families  taken  from 
tables  X.  XI,  and  XIII. 

The  range  of  variation  of  the  F,>  generation  includes  both  the  slender 
and  the  fleshy  types  which  are  found  in  the  grandparents.  The 
distribution  of  the  progeny  is  more  in  accord  with  the  hypothesis  of 
the  6-zygotic  factors  than  that  of  4-zygotic  factors. 

The  mean  variability  as  measured  by  the  standard  deviation  is 
6.78  ±  0.26,  as  contrasted  with  that  of  5.02  ±  0.30  of  table  27  (the 
Fi  generation).  The  difference  is  1.76,  which  is  more  than  four  times 
the  probable  difference  between  the  means.  Thus,  the  variability  of 
the  F-  generation  is  nearly  a  third  greater  than  of  the  I'\  generation. 
That  the  difference  is  not  greater  is,  of  course,  due  in  lame  pari  to  the 
presence  of  multiple  factors. 

The  family  histories  upon  which  table  31  depend-  arc  given  below. 

Bea-17  Family.     (Fig.  41.  t 

A  family  reared  in  the  Central  States.    Father  ill  5)  a  contractor  i  i 
farmer,  who  died  of  pneumonia  at  70  years,  had  the  formula  170  71  ;  build 
2.4  (341;  medium.    Three  brothers  who  were  killed  in  the  Civil  War  at  17 
19,  and  21  years  respectively  had  the  formula    183  72    build  2.6 


108 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


169/69,  build  2.5  (36) ;  174/69.  build  2.6  (37) ;  all  about  medium.  A  sister, 
who  died  at  68  years,  was  138/65;  build  2.3  (33)  ;  medium.  The  Father's 
father  was  a  preacher;  died  at  79  years,  had  build  185/68;  2.8  (40) ;  fleshy. 
His  wife,  who  died  at  81  years,  had  build  145/62;  2.7  (38) ;  fleshy.  This 
side  of  the  house  comprises  medium-build  children  of  fleshy  parents. 

The  Mother  (II  6),  of  quiet  disposition,  at  60  years  has  the  build  145/66; 
2.3  (33) ;  medium.  A  brother,  who  is  a  machinist,  at  33  has  the  formula 
154/69;  build  2.3  (33).  Another  brother,  carpenter,  at  30  years,  has  the 
formula  145/70;  build  2.1  (30) ;  medium.  A  sister  has  the  formula  136/65; 
build  2.2  (32)  ;  medium.  The  eldest  brother,  a  farmer,  at  55  years  has  the 
formula  160/70;  build  2.3  (33)  ;  medium.  The  Mother's  father,  a  farmer, 
died  of  cerebral  hemorrhage  at  81  years;  170/72;  build  2.3  (33)  ;  medium. 
He  had  a  brother,  still  living  at  80  years,  with  a  build  185/71;  build  2.6 
(37) ;  fleshy.  The  Mother's  mother,  living  at  81  years,  has  the  formula 
140/64;  build  2.4  (34) ;  medium.  Thus  this  side  of  the  house  is  prevailingly 
of  medium  build.    There  are  4  children: 

Table  31. — Matings  of  two  heterozygous  parents  of  either  medium  or  fleshy  build,  together  with  the 

progeny,  the  F2  generation. 


FF 

FM 

F 

Father's 
sibs. 

MF 

MM 

M 

Mother's 

sibs. 

Offspring. 

VS 

s 

M 

F 

VF 

Group  X, 
M  X  M: 
Bea  17..  . 

Cas4.... 
Smi 

War  3 . . . 
Whi  22 .  . 

Total. . 

40 

39 

S 

33 

41 

37 

29 
F 

S 
27 

34 

34 
35 
33 
32 

4  range  betw. 
33  and  37. 

32* 

43 
M 
41 
31 

34 

27 
MJ 
26 
44 

33 

34 
33 

31 
36 

4  range  30  to 
33. 

1 

3 

3t 

3 
1 

7M,  IF 

IS,  1M 

3 

7 
2 

4 

12 

7 

Group  XI, 
F  X  M: 
Cri  1 ... . 
Hor  5.... 
McF2... 
Mil  23... 

Ofi  1 

Pot  4.... 

Sta  7 

Tra4.... 

Total. . 

37 

M 

28 

30 

S 

35 

35 

39 

26 
F 

37 
VF 
28 
29 
23 

34 
31 
39 
38 
33 
33 
34 
39 

45 
M 
35 

40 

34 
F 
27 
26 

39 
42 
32 
33 
42 
39 
43 
32 

2 
6 
2 
1 

2 

1 
1 

1 

1 

6F,  1VF.. 

2M,  3F,  2VF.. 

2 

29 
37 
37 

43 

44 
30 

1 

2 
2 

2 
3 
3 

1 

4 

16 

12 

1 

Group 
XIII,  FxF: 
Ber 

50 
43 
VF 

2S 

39 
38 
39 

IS,  1VF 

2 

1 

2 
3 
2 

3 
4 
2 

Hod  A... 

1M,  2F,  1VF.. 

F 

37 
F 

2 
1 

Mor 
Total. . 

S 

F 

AliFl 

1 

1 
1 

3 
11 

3 
31 

7 
26 

9 

10 

Grand 
total.  . 

1 

A,  36.58  ±  0.51.  S.  D.t  6.78  ±  0.26. 

*MFB  has  an  index  of  37.  tAU  of  grade  38.  tHer  father  neahy,  mother  slender. 


HETEROZYt.nl  g    MATING8. 


lll'.t 


III  1   $  ,  a  farmer,  at  35  years,  has  the  formula  140  89;  build  2.1   (2 
slender;  adjusted  to  50  years,  2.14  (30).    Ill  2   .■  .  a  teacher     I 
180/69;  build  2.7  (38);  fleshy;  adjusted  to  ."><>  years,  2.8  I  10).     Ill  • 
farmer,  at  31  years,  17.")  68;  build  2.7  (38);  fleshy;  adjusted  to  60 
2.8  (40).    Ill  4   ?,  married,  at  27  years,  150  63;  build  2.7  (38 
adjusted  to  50  years,  2.9  (42). 


m 

Fig.  41. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build  in 
Bea-17  family. 

Comment. — A  mating  of  prevailingly  medium  stock  with  a  medium  parent 
from  fleshy  ancestors  yields  one  slender  and  3  fleshy  children  (K:  Bea   17). 

Cas-4  Family. 

A  family  of  English  stock,  living  in  New  York  State.  The  Father,  a 
farmer  and  lumberman,  had  at  60  years  the  formula  160/69  inches;  build 
2.4  (34).  His  father,  also  a  farmer  and  lumberman,  who  died  of  old  age  at 
71  years,  had  at  38  years  the  formula  200/72  inches;  build  2.7  (39).  Bit 
mother,  who  suffered  in  middle  age  from  consumption,  died  at  31  y. 
with  the  formula  110/62  inches;  build  2.0  (29). 

The  Mother,  who  died  at  57  years  from  catarrh  of  the  stomach,  had  at 
40  years  the  formula  130/62  inches;  build  2.4  (34).     Her  father,  an  iron 
worker,  who  died  at  75  years  from  fatty  degeneration  of  heart,  had  the 
formula  180/65  inches;  build  3.0  (43).     Her  mother,  who  died  at  77 
had  the  formula  100/61  inches;  build  1.9  (27).    The  children: 

1.  Female,  who  suffered  in  middle  life  from  rheumatism,  had  at  lit  v. 
the  formula  140/63  inches;  build  2.5  (35);  adjusted  to  50  year-.  146 
inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

2.  Female,  had  at  38  vcars  the  formula   120  63  inches;  build  2  1     30); 
adjusted  to  50  years  128/63  inches;  build  2.3  (32). 

3.  Male,  had  at  35  years  the  formula  180/65.5  inches;  build  3.0   (42); 
adjusted  to  50  years,  186/65.5  inches;  build  3.0  (43). 

4.  Female,  who  suffered  in  youth  from  stomach  trouble,  had  at  32 
the  formula  135/66  inches;  build  2.2   (31);  adjusted  to  50  years;   117 
inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

5.  Male,  who  suffered  in  youth  from  stomach  and  bladder  troubli 

at  29  years  the  formula  190/70.5  inches;  build  2.7    (39)  J  adjusted  to  50 
years,  202/70.5  inches;  build  2.9  (41). 

6.  Male,  had  at  27  years  the  formula  155  70.5  inches;  build  2.2     11); 
adjusted  to  50  vcars.  169/70.5  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

Comment.— the  6  children   vary   greatly   in   index  of  build. 
varies  from  30  to  42,  despite  the  similar  build  of  the  parent-      But 


110  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

grandparents  vary  from  27  to  43.     This  case  suggests  the  uniformity  of 
Fx  and  variability  of  F2  (R  :  Cas-4). 

Smi  Family. 

The  Father,  of  Scandinavian  name  and  living  in  New  York  City,  at  50 
years  has  a  stature  of  171  cm.  (67  inches);  weight  70  kg.  (154  pounds); 
build  2.4  (34.5)  ;  medium.  His  father  is  said  to  have  been  slender,  his 
mother  fleshy;  his  sibs  intermediate;  one  fleshy  after  48  years.  The  Mother, 
at  41  years,  has  a  stature  162  cm.  (64  inches)  ;  weight  61  kg.  (136  pounds) ; 
build  2.3  (33) ;  medium;  relative  chest-girth  76-^  162,  or  47  per  cent.  She 
has  a  slender  brother  and  one  who  is  of  more  medium  build.  Their  parents 
were  of  medium  build;  their  mother's  father  was  fleshy  (build  2.7  or  39) ; 
their  mother's  mother  was  "slender." 

There  is  only  one  child  of  above  mating.  She  was  a  full-term  baby,  who 
weighed  3.8  kg.  (8.5  pounds) ,  somewhat  above  the  average.  She  was  always 
plump  as  a  child  and,  until  11  years  of  age.  always  well.  Then  she  had 
"disease  of  the  tonsils"  and  of  the  kidneys  (infection) ,  grew  thin  (weighing 
only  40  kg.  [90  pounds]),  and  developed  a  chorea.  After  a  year  she  re- 
covered and  began  to  gain  steadily  in  weight,  and  now  at  the  age  of  13.7 
years  she  is  170  cm.  (67  inches)  tall,  weighs  79  kg.  (174  pounds)  and  has 
a  build  of  2.7  (39) ;  is  fleshy.  Relative  chest-girth  102  ^-  170,  or  60  per  cent. 
Her  arms  and  calves  are  relatively  slender,  as  they  have  recently  been 
engaged  in  linear  growth.    She  has  monthly  headaches.     (Plate  9,  fig.  5.) 

Comment. — It  seems  probable  that  this  girl  has  received  factors  for 
fleshiness  from  each  medium  parent,  which  have  combined  to  give  her  a 
full  set  of  fleshy  factors  (73  :736). 

War-3  Family. 

A.  family  descended  from  English  and  German  stock,  living  in  Penn- 
sylvania principally. 

The  Father,  a  nurseryman,  had  malarial  fever  at  40.  He  is  now  living 
at  67  years,  with  a  formula  135/64  inches;  build  2.3  (33).  His  father,  a 
nurseryman  and  horticulturist,  died  at  89  from  a  fall.  His  formula  was 
140/S;  build,  say,  2.3  (33).  His  mother,  having  had  5  sons,  died  at  42 
from  consumption;  she  was  slender. 

The  Mother  died,  at  40,  of  child-birth.  Her  formula  was  122/62  inches; 
build  2.2  (31).  Her  father,  a  miller,  had  a  temporary  attack  of  melan- 
cholia in  middle  age.  He  died  at  75  from  natural  infirmities.  His  formula 
was  200/70  inches;  build  2.9  (41).  Her  mother,  having  had  5  sons  and  8 
daughters,  died  of  paralysis  at  74.  Her  formula  was  100/62  inches;  build 
1.8(26).    Ten  children  are: 

1.  Male,  at  43,  has  the  formula  125/65.5  inches;  build  2.0  (29) ;  adjusted 
to  55  years,  128/65.5  inches;  build  2.1  (30). 

2.  Male,  at  41,  has  the  formula  138/68  inches;  build  2.1  (30);  adjusted 
to  55  years,  143/68  inches;  build  2.2  (31). 

3.  Female,  at  39,  has  the  formula  120/63.5  inches;  build  2.1  (30); 
adjusted  to  55  years,  126.5/63.5  inches;  build  2.2  (31). 

4.  Male,  at  36,  has  the  formula  158/72  inches;  build  2.1  (30);  adjusted 
to  55  years,  165/72  inches;  build  2.3  (32). 

5.  Male,  at  53,  has  the  formula  127/67  inches;  build  2.0  (28) ;  adjusted 
to  55  years,  136/67  inches;  build  2.1  (30). 

6.  Female,  at  31,  has  the  formula  110/64.5  inches;  build  1.8  (26); 
adjusted  to  55  years,  122.5/64.5  inches;  build  2.1  (30). 


HETEROZYGOl  8   matin..-.  1  ]  [ 

7.  Male,  at  29,  has  the  formula  125  64  inches;  build  2.2  (31)-  adjust 

to  55  years,  134/64  inches;  build  2.3+  (33). 

8.  Female,   at  27,   has  the   formula    110  62.5    inches;    build    2.< 
adjusted  to  55  years,  126/62.5  inches;  build  2.3  (32  I 

9.  Male,  at  25  years,  has  the  formula   138  68.5  inches;  build  2.0 
adjusted  to  55  years,  152.5/68.5  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

10.  Female,  at  23  years,  has  the  formula  132  '65  inches;  build  2  2 
adjusted  to  55  years,  150/65  inches;  build  2.5  (36). 

Comment. — Unadjusted,  the  indices  range  from  26  to  :>l ;  adjusted,  from 
30  to  36.  Using  adjusted  indices,  4  of  the  children  are  3lenderer  than  either 
parent;  the  parents  are  doubtless  heterozygous  in  stature  'II:  War 

Win-22  Family. 

A  family  of  English  and  German  extraction,  living  partly  in  X. w  York, 
but  mostly  in  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota. 

The  Father,  who  is  a  constructor,  is  living  at  56  years,  having  the  formula 
150/68  inches;  build  2.3  (32).    His  father,  who  was  a  farmer  and  laborer, 
suffered  in  middle  age  from  partial  paralysis,  had  one  hand  amputated  i 
years,  one  foot  at  72  years.     He  died  at  79  year-  from  "stricture 
bladder,"  having  the  formula  200/70  inches;  build  2.9  (41  i.     Hi-  n 
who  is  recorded  to  have  suffered  from  no  illness  till  at  7!)  yean  died 

from  "progressive  paralysis,"  had  the  formula  ]  1()  64  inches;  build  1.9    27 

The  Mother,  who  is  recorded  as  always  well,  has  a1  54  year-  the  formula 
150/65  inches;  build  2.5  (36).    Her  father,  who  was  a  farmer,  i-  recorded 
as  always  well,  died  at  55  years  from  paralysis,  having  the  formula  150  70 
inches;  build  2.2  (31).    Her  mother,  who  was  always  well,  died  at  78  j 
from  old  age,  having  the  formula  180/64  inches;  build  3.1  (44).    T  iwn 

children: 

1.  Male,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  adenoids,  at  25  years  has  the  formula 
145/68  inches;  build  2.2  (31);  adjusted  to  55  years.  159/68  inches;  build 
2.4  (34). 

2.  Female,  a  college  student,  has  at  21  years  the  formula  110  ('>:>  n 
build  1.8  (26)  ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  129/65  inches:  build  2.2  (31). 

Comment. — One  of  the  children  has  a  slighter  build  than  the  parent 
but  may  grow  heavier  (R  :  Whi-22). 

Cm  Family.     (Table  XI.  i 

A  family  of  English  extraction;  earlier  generation-  in  Pennsylvania,  the 
last  generation  in  Kansas.  The  Father,  a  lawyer,  living  at  1^  years, 
suffered  in  youth  from  pneumonia,  in  middle  age  from  rheumatism, 
formula  165/70  inches;  build  2.4  (34).  His  father,  a  fanner,  suffered  in 
middle  age  from  rheumatism;  at  75  years  had  one  leg  amputated  below  the 
knee;  died  from  "arterio-sclerosis  ending  in  gangrene,"  having  the  formula 
at  74  years,  180/70  inches;  build  2.6  (37).  His  mother,  who  suffered  from 
no  illnesses,  is  living  at  76  years,  having  the  formula  110  65  ind 
build  1.8  (26). 

The  Mother,  who  is  subject  to  heart  trouble  and  -mall  goiter.  i<  living 
43  years,  having  the  formula  145/61  inches;  build  2.7  (39).  Her  l 
brothers  are  of  medium  height.  Her  father,  a  fanner  and  public  official, 
died  from  paralysis  at  57  years,  his  formula  being  190  65  inches;  build 
3.2  (45).  Her  mother,  who  in  middle  age  Buffered  from  heart  trouble  and 
goiter,  died  at  65  years  from  heart  failure,  having  the  formula  150 
inches;  build  2.4  (34).    The  2  grown  children: 


112  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

2.  Female,  at  21  years  has  the  formula  125/64  inches;  build  2.2  (31); 
adjusted  to  45  years,  140/64  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

1.  Female,  died  at  18  years  from  typhoid  fever,  having  the  formula 
120/63  inches;  build  2.1   (30);  adjusted  to  45  years,  139/65  inches;  build 

2.3  (33). 

Comment. — Both   the   children  have  the   build   of  the   slighter  parent 

(R  :Cri-l). 

Hor-5  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction,  living  in  the  Middle  States.  The  Father, 
who  is  "superintendent  of  bridges  and  buildings  on  a  railroad,"  suffered  in 
youth  from  bilious  fever.  He  has,  at  70  years,  the  formula  140/67.5  inches; 
build  2.2  (31).  One  of  his  brothers  died  from  "tuberculosis  of  liver."  His 
father,  who  was  a  lumberman,  died  at  77  years  from  "consumption  of  the 
bowels";  was  of  medium  build.  His  mother  died,  at  78  years,  from  Bright's 
disease ;  she  was  corpulent. 

The  Mother  suffered  in  youth  from  bilious  fever  and  pleurisy;  is  living, 
at  58  years.  Formula,  165/63  inches;  build  2.9  (42).  Her  father,  who  was 
a  millwright,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  bilious  fever  and  morphine 
poisoning;  left  eye  removed;  died  at  75  years  from  "pneumonia  (tubercular 
tendency)";  was  of  medium  build.  Her  mother,  who  suffered  in  youth 
from  typhoid  fever,  in  middle  age  from  paralysis,  died  at  68  years  from 
paralysis;  of  fleshy  build.    Eight  grown  children: 

1.  Male,  an  electrical  engineer,  has,  at  33  years,  the  formula  155/67 
inches;  build  2.4  (35) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  164/67  inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

2.  Female,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  "spinal  and  nerve  trouble,"  has 
at  30  years  the  formula  115/63.8  inches;  build  2.0  (28);  adjusted  to  55 
years,  128/63.8  inches;  build  2.2  (31). 

3.  Male,  a  civil  engineer,  suffered  in  youth  from  typho-malaria.  Has  at 
27  years  the  formula  157/64  inches;  build  2.7  (38) ;  adjusted  to  55+  years, 
168/64  inches;  build  2.9   (41). 

4.  Female,  who  has  at  25  years  the  formula  117/63  inches;  build  2.1  (30) ; 
adjusted  to  55+  years,  134/63  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

5.  Male,  an  accountant,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  a  "nervous  collapse 
due  to  a  severe  electrical  shock,"  has  at  23  years  the  formula  145/69 
inches;  build  2.1  (30) ;  adjusted  to  55+  years,  162/69  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

6.  Female,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  blood-poisoning,  erysipelas,  and 
anemia,  has  at  21  years  the  formula  115/64  inches;  build  2.0  (28) ;  adjusted 
to  55+  years,  133/64  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

7.  Male,  a  pattern-maker,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  hemorrhages,  has 
at  20  years  the  formula  130/67  inches;  build  2.0  (29);  adjusted  to  55+ 
years,  150/69  inches;  build  2.2  (32). 

8.  Male,  at  18  years  has  the  formula  135/67  inches;  build  2.1  (30); 
adjusted  to  55+  years,  160/70  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

Comment. — The  children's  indices  range  between  the  two  parental  indices 
(R:  Hor-5). 

McF-2  Family. 

A  family  of  Irish  extraction  living  in  Maine.  The  Father,  who  was  a 
shipwright,  died  at  40  years  as  a  result  of  an  injury  received  in  battle. 
At  39  years  he  had  the  formula  180/68  inches;  build  2.7  (39).  His  father 
died  at  82  years  from  a  "general  breakdown,"  having  the  formula  145/72 
inches ;  build  2.0  (28) . 

The  Mother,  who  had  5  children,  died  at  74  years  from  apoplexy,  having 


HETEROZYGOUS    MATIN..-  ]];; 

the  formula  at  50  years,  130/64  inches;  build  22  (32)      Her  father  who 

was  a  farmer,  died  at  G4  years  from  "fever."  having  the  formula 
inches;  build  2.4   (35).     Her  mother,  who  in  middle  age  was  "struck   by 
lightning,"  died  at  86  years  from  a  "general  breakdown,"  having  the 
115/65  inches;  build  1.9  (27).    The  4  children  who  grew  up: 

1.  Male,  a  farmer,  who  had  right  arm  and  three  fingers  of  left   hand 
amputated  as  result  of  a  wound  received   in   war,   is   living     I    I   I 
having  at  50  years  the  formula  140/66  inches;  build  2.3  (32). 

2.  Female,  who  in  middle  age  underwent  an  operation  mr  gallstone    | 
at  40  years  the  formula  110/63  inches;  build  1.9  (28 1. 

3.  Male,  a  "master  mariner,"  has  at  50  years  the  formula  170  M  un- 
build 2.7  (39). 

4.  Male,  an  attorney,  has  at  40  years  the  formula  160/67  inches  build 
2.5  (36). 

Comment.— Three  of  the  children  have  indices  like  that  of  the  medium 
parent;  the  other  is  somewhat  fleshier  (R  :  McF-2). 

Mil-23  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction,  living  in  New  England  and  Ohio. 

The  Father,  who  is  a  clergyman,  and  who  suffered  in  middle  age  from 
la  grippe,  is  living  at  58  years.  At  50  years  he  had  the  formula  180/68.5 
inches;  build  2.7  (38).  His  father,  who  was  a  preacher,  died  at  72  vears. 
At  50  years,  formula  130/66  inches;  build  2.1  (30).  His  mother,  who  had 
4  children  at  30  years,  suffered  from  typhoid  fever.  At  50  yean  her 
formula  165/66.5  inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

The  Mother,  who  has  2  children,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  pleurisy, 
capillary  bronchitis,  and  nervous  prostration.  At  50  vears  her  formula. 
122/60.5  inches;  build  2.3  (33).  Her  father,  who  was' a  hank  president. 
suffered  in  youth  from  yellow  fever  (in  West  Indies  i.  and  in  middle 
from  rheumatism  and  Bright's  disease.  At  50  years,  his  formula  ISO  67.5 
inches;  build  2.7  (40).  Her  mother,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  "lung 
fever,"  and  in  middle  age  from  curvature  of  the  spine  and  pleurisy,  died  at 
50  years  from  "anemic  condition  with  tuberculosa,  induced  by  deformity." 
At  40  years  her  formula  95/60  inches;  build  1.9  (26).    Two  children: 

1.  Female,  a  student,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  nervous  trouble-  and 
diphtheria,  has  at  33  years  the  formula  115/60.5  inches;  build  2.2  (31  |  . 
adjusted  to  50  years,  125/60.5  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

2.  Male,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  throat  troubles,  diphtheria,  scarlet 
fever,  tonsillitis,  during  war  had  influenza,  slightly  gas>ed.     He  has  ;it  27 
years  the  formula  180/72.5  inches;  build  2.4   (34);  adjusted  to  50 
195/72.5  inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

Comment. — Each  child  resembles  a  different  parent  (R  :  Mil-23 1. 

Ofi  Family,  D.     (Fig.  35.1 

II  14  <J  ,  a  Syrian,  at  45  years,  stature  165  cm.  it'..")  inches),  weight  63  kg. 
(139  pounds),  build  2.3  (33),  medium.     He  had  7  grown  BUM  Uowi 

II  1  9  ,  short  and  fleshy;  II  3  9  ,  fleshy  but  probably  heterosygous;  mar- 
ried to  a  slender  man  she  has  both  fleshy  and  slender  children;  114 
fleshy.  II  7  $  ,  fleshy.  II  10  9  ,  inclined  to  be  fleshy  but  probably 
heterozygous,  since  she  had  both  fleshy  and  slender  children  II  12  9, 
fleshy,  but  has  some  slender  as  well  as  medium  children  11  13  6,  very 
fleshy.  Of  the  foregoing  fraternity  the  father  was  slender  and  the  mothrr 
very  fleshy.  From  the  builds  of  his  parents  and  the  issue  of  hi.-  sibn  wc 
may  conclude  that  II  14  carries  factors  for  slendcrm 


114  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

II  15  9  ,  the  wife  of  II  14,  at  38  years  has  a  stature  of  153  cm.  (60 
inches) ;  weight  69  kg.  (151  pounds) ;  build  2.9  (42) ;  fleshy  (and  has  been 
fleshier) ;  her  relative  chest-girth  is  61  per  cent.  She  has  had  7  sibs,  as 
follows:  II  16  $  ,  very  fleshy;  II  17  9  ,  at  50  years,  stature  151  cm.  (59 
inches);  weighs  56  kg.  (124  pounds);  build  2.5  (36);  medium;  relative 
chest-girth  63  per  cent;  II  18  9  ,  "plump."  II  20  9  ,  very  fleshy  and  has  3 
slender  children;  II  21  2  ,  "plump."  II  22  S  ,  of  medium  build.  II  23 
$  ,  at  31  years,  stature  150  cm.  (59  inches)  ;  weight  69  kg.  (151  pounds)  ; 
build  3.0  (43) ;  fleshy;  relative  chest-girth  67  per  cent. 

The  father  of  the  foregoing  fraternity  was  slender  and  the  mother  fleshy. 
Hence  it  seems  probable  that  some  or  all  of  the  mother's  fraternity  carry  a 
gene  for  slenderness. 

The  children  of  II  14  and  15  are  4  in  number.  Ill  14  9  ,  at  16  years  has 
stature  of  157  cm.  (62  inches) ;  weight  44  kg.  (97  pounds) ;  build  1.9  (27) ; 
slender;  III  15  9  ,  15  years,  stature  145  cm.  (57  inches) ;  weight  85  kg. 
(187  pounds) ;  build  4.0  (57) ;  very  fleshy;  relative  chest-girth,  78  per  cent; 
she  began  to  grow  fleshy  at  5  years;  is  a  very  heavy  eater;  III  16  $  ,  9  years, 
is  slender,  and  III  17  was  at  4  years  a  very  fat  babv,  but  is  now  a  slender 
child. 

Comment. — Slenderness  and  fleshiness  occur  in  the  same  fraternity;  the 
eventual  proportions  can  not  yet  be  stated,  since  two  of  the  children  are 
very  young  (73  :  697). 

Pot-4  Family. 

A  family  of  British  extraction;  living  chiefly  in  Illinois. 

The  Father,  who  is  a  farmer,  suffered  in  youth  from  typhoid  fever;  is 
living  at  52  years,  having  the  formula  150/67  inches;  build  2.3  (33).  His 
father,  who  was  a  farmer  and  in  middle  age  subject  to  heart  trouble,  died 
at  57  years  from  heart  failure.  His  formula  170/70  inches;  build  2.4  (35). 
His  mother,  who  has  always  been  well,  is  living  at  77  years,  having  at  74 
years  the  formula  105/61  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 

The  Mother,  who  has  5  children,  has  always  been  well.  She  is  living  at 
48  years,  having  the  formula  165/65  inches;  build  2.7  (39).  Her  father, 
who  was  a  farmer,  in  middle  age  suffered  from  a  nervous  breakdown;  he 
died  at  71  years  of  apoplexy,  having  the  formula  150/72  inches;  build  2.0 
(29).  Her  mother,  who  died  at  67  years  from  erysipelas,  had  the  formula 
200/68  inches;  build  3.0  (43).    Three  grown  children: 

1.  Male,  a  chemist,  always  well,  has  at  24  years  the  formula  160/71 
inches;  build  2.2  (32) ;  adjusted  to  50  years,  177/71  inches;  build  2.5  (35). 

2.  Male,  farmer,  always  well,  has  at  22  years  the  formula  155/66.5 
inches;  build  2.5  (35) ;  adjusted  to  50  years,  168/66.5  inches;  build  2.7  (38). 

3.  Female,  a  student  at  college,  always  well,  has  at  18  years  the  formula 
135/64  inches;  build  2.3  (33);  adjusted  to  50  years,  156/64  inches;  build 
2.7  (38). 

Comment. — The  children's  builds  lie  between  those  of  the  parents 
(R:  Pot-4). 

Sta-7  Family. 

A  family  of  German  extraction,  living  in  the  Central  States. 

The  Father,  who  is  a  farmer,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  sciatic  rheuma- 
tism; he  is  living  at  69  years,  having  the  formula  165/70  inches;  build 
2.4  (34).  His  father,  who  was  a  farmer,  was  always  well;  he  died  from 
apoplexy  at  87  years,  having  the  formula  155/67  inches;  build  2.4  (35).  His 
mother  died  from  heart  trouble  at  69  years,  having  the  formula  130/67 
inches;  build  2.0  (29). 


HETEROZYGOUS   M  ITINGS.  1  1  ."> 

The  Mother  has  always  been  well;  Bhe  is  living,  at  50 
the  formula  165/62  Lnehes;  build  3.0   (43).     Her  father,  who 
penter  and  farmer,  was  always  well;  he  died  from  "old  age,  hard  work, 

and  exposure"  at  73  years,  having  the  formula  170/68  inches  :  build  2  I 
Her  mother,  who  was  always  well,  died  from  apoplexy  at  72 

the  formula  170/62  inches;  build  3.1  (44).    Six  children: 

1.  Male,  who  is  a  real-estate  agent,  always  well,  has  at  34  years  the  fi 
mula  166/70  inches;  build  2.4  (34);  adjusted  to  65  years,  171  7i»    :. 
build  2.5  (36). 

2.  Female,  married,  has  always  been  well,  has  at  32  vears  the  formula 
118/M;  build,  say,  2.1  (30). 

3.  Female,  a  school  teacher,  suffered  in  youth  from  appendiciti 
29  years  the  formula  124/S;  build,  say,  2.3  (33 1. 

4.  Male,  a  teacher,  in  youth  suffered  from  typhoid  fever;  has  at  2s 
the  formula  162/69  inches;  build  2.4  (34);  adjusted  to  (M 
inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

5.  Male  (twin  of  No.  4),  a  salesman,  has  at  28  years  the  :'<>nmi!:i  160 
inches;  build  2.4  (35) ;  adjusted  to  65  years,  172/68  inches;  build  2  < 

6.  Male,  a  teacher,  always  well;  at  24  years  has  the   formula    i 
inches;  build  2.4  (34) ;  adjusted  to  65  years,' 178/69  inches;  build  2  6  I 

Comment. — The  children  are  fairly  uniform  in  build,  mostly  falling  m 
the  medium  class  (R  :  Sta-7). 

Tra-4  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction,  living  in  Canada  and  I  stern  In  • 

States. 

The  Father,  who  was  a  station-master,  died  at  86  years  from  diabetes, 
having  the  formula  200/72  inches;  build  2.7  (39).    He  was  a  first  cousin  to 
his  wife.    His  father,  who  was  a  "customs-house  otlicer."  died  at  72  >■ 
from  "typhoid  pneumonia,"  having  the  formula  200/72  inches;  build  2  7 
(39).     His  mother,  who  had  1  child,  was  always  well,  died  at  91 
from  "old  age."    Formula,  90/63  inches;  build  1.6  (23). 

The  Mother,  who  had   6  children,  was  "never  very  strong    -nervous/' 
suffered  in  middle  age  from  acromegalia  and  di  mellitus,  iritis,  and 

cataract.  She  died  at  65  years  from  acromegalia,  having  the  formula 
140/66  inches;  build  2.3  (32).  One  of  her  sisters  died  at  26  years  from 
epilepsy;  one  brother  died  from  apoplexy,  "very  tall  and  Btout."  11-  r  father. 
who  was  a  "clerk  in  a  freight  office,"  died  at  76  years  from  pneumonia, 
having  the  formula  190/72  inches;  build  2.6  137).  Her  mother,  who 
weak  heart,  died  at  89  years  from  old  age  and  apoplectic  strokes;  formula, 
120/M;  build,  say,  2.1  (30).    Five  grown  children : 

1.  Female,  has  at  47  years  the  formula  140/66  inches;   build  2  2     33 
adjusted  to  55  years,  142/66  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

2.  Male,  who  is  a  telegraph  operator,  suffered  in  youth  from  dyspepsia, 
has  at  45  years  the  formula  190/71  inches;  build  2.7  (38) ;  adjusted  to 
years,  192/71  inches;  build  2.7  (38). 

3.  Male,  a  telegraph  operator,  who  in  youth   Buffered    from   rheumatic 
fever,  has  at  44  years  the  formula  210/71  inches;  build  ."-  0  (42 

4.  Female,  a  physician,  has  at  42  years  the  formula  135  68  in       -    build 
29;  adjusted  to  55  years,  143/68  inches;  build  2.3  (32). 

5.  Male,   a   draughtsman,   always   well,   has   at   39    ;  rmub 
210/73  inches;  build  2.7  (39) ;  adjusted  to  55  vears.  formula  216  7;>  ind 
build  2.9  (41). 

Comment. — The  children  are  variable   (like  the  grandparents),  r.wiging 
from  medium  to  fleshy  (R  :  Tra-4). 


116 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


Ber  Family.     (Fig.  42.) 

I  5,  J.  B.,  male,  born  in  Germany,  was  175  cm.  tall  (68.9  inches)  and 
weighed  108.8  kg.  (240  pounds);  build  3.5  (50).  He  died  at  79  years  of 
Bright's  disease.  He  had  2  sisters  who  were  slender.  His  wife  was  152  cm. 
(59.8  inches)  tall  and  weighed  63.5  kg.  (140  pounds),  build  2.7  (39).  One 
of  her  brothers  was  183  cm.  (72  inches)  tall  and  weighed  113  kg.  (250 
pounds) ;  build  3.4  (48) ;  but  another  brother  was  slender,  about  2.1  (30). 
This  mating  may  or  may  not  be  of  heterozygous  parents. 

There  were  7  children  who  grew  up.  II  4,  male,  176  cm  (69  inches)  tall 
and  weighing  at  the  time  of  his  death  (at  50  years  from  "heart  disease") 
about  215  kg.  (475  pounds) ;  build  7.0  (100),  an  extraordinarily  obese  man. 
This  man  was  fleshy  as  a  child.  The  next  brother  (II  6)  remained  single, 
dying  at  45  years.  His  stature  170  cm.  (67  inches)  and  weight  77  kg.  (170 
pounds);  build  2.7  (38).  The  next  brother,  II  7,  died  at  54,  single.  He 
was  183  cm.  (72  inches)  tall  and  weighed  118  kg.  (260  pounds) ;  build  3.5 


©,#  QtQ 


■AHIIIQQ 


■Q. 


6     7      8     9      10      II       12 


Fig.  42. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build  in  Ber  family. 

(50) ;  thus  very  fleshy.  The  next  brother  (II  8)  was  slender  as  a  child 
and  began  to  put  on  flesh  at  19  years.  His  stature  is  175  cm.  (69  inches). 
At  25  he  weighed  93  kg.  (205  pounds) ;  at  33  years,  115  kg.;  at  35  years, 
136  kg.;  at  41  years,  163  kg.;  at  52,  172  kg.  and  now  at  57  years  over  180 
kg.  or  400  pounds.  This  increase  of  weight  occurred  despite  dieting  and 
reducing  exercises.  He  is  a  very  hearty  eater.  He  is  fat  all  over  the  body, 
especially  hips,  abdomen,  and  shoulders.    He  has  remained  single. 

Next  in  order  is  II  10,  who  died  at  46  years  of  rheumatism  of  the  heart. 
She  was  175  cm.  (69  inches)  tall  and  weighed  73  kg.  (160  pounds);  build 
2.4  (34)  or  medium.  Last  was  a  pair  of  twins.  II  11,  male,  182  cm.  (72 
inches)  tall  and  weighs  79  kg.  (176  pounds) ;  build  2.4  (34) ;  thus  medium. 
The  other  twin,  II  12,  is  a  woman,  who  at  38  is  165  cm.  (65  inches)  tall  and 
weighs  about  82  kg.  (180  pounds) ;  build  3.0  (43).    She  is  thus  fleshy. 

Comment. — Thus  5  of  the  fraternity  are  fleshy  (2  enormously  obese)  and 
2  are  of  medium  build.    Thus  we  have  a  proportion  of  2  medium  to  5  very 


HETEROZYGOUB   MATING8.  117 

fleshy,  approaching  a  1  :  3  ratio;  or  a  rati.,  may  be  recognised  of  2  medium 
3   fleshy   to   very    fleshy,   and   2   obese;    approximately    a    1:2-1    r 
(73  :  646). 

Hod  A  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction  from  Illinois.    The  Father,  at  si 
had  the  formula  230/69  inches;  build  3.4  (48 1.    Of  his  4  Bibs:   (1)1 
at  60  years  had  the  formula  200/70  inches;  build  2.9   (41);  (2) 
65  years,  200/64  inches;  build  3.4   (49);    (3)    Bister,  at   68  years,     - 
inches;  build  2.9  (41);  (4)  Bister,  at  60  years,  130/60  inches;  build  2 

The  Mother,  at  50  years,  150/63  inches;  build  2.7  (38)      Her  mot! 
86,  had  the  formula  150/64  inches;  build  2.6  (37).    The  10  children  are: 

1.  Male,  at  55  years  had  the  formula  242/09  inches;  build  3.6  (51  i 

2.  Male,  at  60  years,  125/66  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 

3.  Male,  at  21  rears,  180/69  inches;  build  2.7  <38i  ;  adjusted  to  SI 
199/69  inches;  build  3.0  (42). 

4.  Male,  at  49  years,  210/67  inches;  build  3.3  (47). 

5.  Male,  at  45  years,  190/67  inches;  build  3.0  (42). 

6.  Male,  at  47  years,  225/69  inches;  build  3.3  (47  i. 

7.  Male,  at  37  years,  180/66  inches;  build  2.9  (41 1  ;  adjusted  to  55 
185/66  inches;  build  3.0  (43). 

8.  Female,  at  57  years,  125/64  inches;  build  2.2  131 ). 

9.  Female,  at  53  years,  115/64  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 

10.  Female,  at  39  years,  had  the  formula  200/65  inches;  build  3.3  (47); 
adjusted  to  55  years,  206/65  inches;  build  3.4  (49). 

Comment. — This  pedigree  has  a  special  interest  because  the  original  data 
gave  the  Father's  build  as  26  and  the  Mother's  as  28.  This  led  to  corre- 
spondence which  yielded  the  revised  results  according  to  which  this  fra- 
ternity is  the  progeny  of  parents  who  grew  fleshy  in  their  later  y< 
stout  instead  of  slender  parents.  Of  the  10  children,  2  arc  slender,  1 
medium,  3  stout,  and  4  very  stout  (S  :  Hod-A  I . 

Mor  Family.     (Fig.  24.) 

Ill  13  <5  ,  short,  in  middle  life  weighed  90  kg.  (200  pounds) ;  very  fleshy. 
In  later  life  he  has  grown  slenderer.  His  mother  was  fleshy,  like  himself, 
but  his  father  was  slender;  consequently  he  is  heterozygous 

III  14  9  ,  wife  of  above,  is  less  than  153  cm.  (60  inches)  tall  and  weighs 
about  63  kg.   (140  pounds);  build  2.7   (39);  fleshy.     At   the  tunc  of 
marriage  she  weighed  43  kg.   (96  pounds);  build  1.9   (27>;  slender      11-  r 
fraternity  of  7,  of  whom  5  are  fleshy,  1  medium,  and  1  slender.     Tin 
Nevertheless,  III  14  apparently  contains  some  non-fleshy  genes,  as  ind 
by  her  6  children: 

(1)   IV  10  9  ,  was  stout  as  a  child;  when  married  at  24  year-  she  weighed 
75  kg.  (164  pounds);  build  2.7  (39);  fleshy.     Now.  at  41  years,  she  is   161 
cm.  (63.5  inches)  tall,  and  weighs,  net,  93  kg.  (206  pounds)  ;  build  3.6  (62 
very  fleshy.    For  the  past  7  years  her  weight  has  been  invariable.     Her  pel 
relative  chest-girth  is  108 -f-  161  =  68  per  cent.    She  married  a  man  of  build 
3.7  (53),  very  fleshy,  of  relative  chest-girth  of  60  per  cent     H<    il  i 
fraternity  of  7,  of  whom  5  are  fleshy,   1   medium,  and    1   -lender.      Their  2 
children  are   (a)    <5  ,  who  weighed  7.5  kg.   (16.fi  pounds)   at   birth,  Lost 
of  the  average  of  about  3  kg.,  and  died  at  the  age  of  2  days,  requiring  a 
casket  large  enough  for  a  year-old  child;   (5)    9,  at   13  yean  M    1    - 
(60  inches)  tall,  and  weighs  63  kg.   (139  pounds)  ;  build  2.7     39      fleshy; 
relative  chest-girth  97-^  152,  or  64  per  cent.    She  weighed  6.6  kg.  at  birth, 


118  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

grew  slenderer  to  5  years,  and  since  then  stouter.    This  seems  like  a  pure 
line  for  fleshiness. 

(2)  IV  12   $  ,  is  of  about  the  build  2.6  (37)  or  slightly  fleshy. 

(3)  IV  15  5  ,  at  47  years  is  153  cm.  (60  inches)  tall,  and  weighs  75  kg. 
(165  pounds) ;  build  3.2  (46) ;  very  fleshy.  Like  her  mother,  she  was  slender 
until  39  years  of  age. 

(4)  IV  17   $  ,  at  44  years  is  slightly  fleshy. 

(5)  IV  19  9  ,  is  tall  and  "very  slender";  by  a  very  slender  husband  she 
has  3  children,  all  slender. 

(6)  IV  20  $  ,  at  38  years  is  slender. 

Comment. — Thus,  of  the  6  children,  1  is  very  slender,  1  is  slender,  2 
fleshy,  and  2  very  fleshy — an  exceedingly  variable  progeny.  Evidently 
some  of  the  gametes  from  both  parents  are  responsible  for  the  result 
(73  :  690). 

REMARKS. 

The  mating  of  two  heterozygous  parents  produces,  in  general,  an 
exceptionally  variable  progeny.  This  is  one  of  the  strongest  evidences 
of  the  presence  of  genetical  factors  in  build.  The  result  can  not,  so 
far  as  I  can  see,  be  adequately  explained  on  any  other  than  the 
genetical  basis.  As  an  illustration  of  such  variability  in  full  sibs,  plate 
9,  figure  4,  is  striking.  Such  differences  are  frequently  found  in  the 
offspring  of  heterozygous  parents. 

Mating  2.  Other  Medium  x  Medium  Matings  (Table  X). 

This  mating  is  important  for  deciding  between  the  hypotheses  (a) 
that  medium  build  is  the  heterozygous  condition  between  slender  and 
fleshy;  (6)  that  "medium"  represents  an  hereditary  type  (biotype) 
as  truly  as  slender  does;  (c)  that  the  "medium"  group  is  a  combina- 
tion of  cases  of  the  heterozygous  condition  and  a  distinct  biotype. 

First,  it  appears  that  the  mating  is  the  commonest  one  in  our 
records,  except  medium  X  fleshy.  But  this  is  to  be  expected,  inas- 
much as  the  medium  grade  of  build  is  the  commonest  grade. 

Second,  the  variability  of  the  progeny  is  small,  4.05  ±0.11.  The 
only  mating  that  has  a  less  variable  progeny  is  S  X  S,  2.41  ±  0.17. 
This  result,  shown  in  table  12,  indicates  that  the  persons  of  medium 
build  are,  for  the  most  part,  not  heterozygous,  but  belong  to  a  distinct 
biotype.  On  the  other  hand,  M  X  M  matings  from  table  X,  selected 
mostly  on  account  of  dissimilar  build  of  parents,  give  progeny  dis- 
tributed nearly  in  a  1 :  2 :  1  ratio,  such  as  is  got  in  the  second  gen- 
eration of  a  mono-hybrid.  It  seems  probable,  accordingly,  that 
hypothesis  (c)  is  correct,  but  that  the  cases  of  medium  that  belong  to 
a  distinct  biotype  are  much  more  numerous  than  the  cases  of  medium 
parents  who  are  heterozygous. 


HETEHOZYcnrs    MATIN)  119 

SI   \1M\IIY   \\|)  DISCI  SSION. 

The  matings  selected  because  most  obviously  adapted  to  gh  i 
F*  progeny  produced  an  offspring  about  one-third  more  variable  than 
the  Fi  progeny.     The  wide  range  of  variability  of  the   I 
more  in  accordance  with  the  hypothesis  of  6  zygotic  factors  for  build 
than  that  of  4  zygotic  factors. 

The  mating  of  two  "medium-build'*  parents  gives  a  progeny  that 
is  not  very  variable  in  build;  not  more  variable  than  the  progeny  of 
the  S  X  F  mating.  The  result  is  like  thai  obtained  in  Btudies  in  hered- 
ity of  stature,  where  the  progeny  of  the  M  v-  M  was  not  extremely 
variable.  This  result,  in  the  case  of  build,  that  the  medium  build  is 
relatively  invariable,  suggests  that  some  persons  of  medium  build 
really  belong  to  a  biotype  in  which  fleshy  build  is  due  to  4-zygotic 
factors,  and  that  such  parents  are  zygotically  of  the  AAbb  type,  and 
produce  offspring  of  whom  100  per  cent  are  again  of  that  type.  Ex- 
amples would  seem  to  be  found  in  the  following  families  with  4  of 
more  children:  Bat-2,  Bea-7,  Kel-4a,  Old-2,  Rig-1,  War- 3!  Tl 
is,  of  course,  genetical  justification  for  the  assumption  that  the  same 
character  may  in  certain  strains  be  due  to  3  gametic  factors,  in  oth 
to  only  2.  This  is  especially  well  shown  in  susceptibility  to  tumor- 
growth  of  mice. 

Class  V.    The  "Back-Cross 

The  mating  of  heterozygous  individuals  with  the  "pure"  recessives 
of  the  parental  stock,  as  well  as  with  "pure"  dominants,  is  an  impor- 
tant procedure  in  genetics,  in  order  to  determine  the  number  of  I 
involved  in  the  trait.  This  mating  is  of  especial  importance  in  detect- 
ing "crossing  over,"  but  our  data  are  insufficient  to  permit  use  for 
this  purpose.  Though  the  total  of  our  data  is  considerable,  yet  the 
nature  of  traits  due  to  multiple  factors  is  such  that  the  table  has  to  be 
broken  up  into  a  large  number  of  small  ones,  of  which  the  "constai 
are  subject  to  large  probable  errors.  It  seems  best  to  distinguish 
two  kinds,  of  matings:  (1)  heterozygous  medium  or  fleshy  •  slender, 
and  (2)  heterozygous  fleshy  X  fleshy  (or  very  fleshy)  of  fleshy  Btock. 
Mating  1.  Hbiebozyooub  Mtoium  oh  Plebhi      9      nm. 

The  data  for  this  analysis  are  in  table  32,  which  contains  the  appar- 
ently most  significant  matings  from  Appendix  tables  [II,  IV,  and  \  1 1 1. 

The  totals  of  table  32,  b  +  c,  give  the  following  proportions:  3  \  S 
26  S,  36  M,  20  F,  4  VF. 

The  matings  of  4-factor  and  2-factor  parents  respectively  gii 
distribution  of  two  types.     Uniting  these  (on  the  assumption  that 
they  are  equallv  numerous),  we  Lret   proportions  as  follov       3   VE 
25  S,  44  M,  25  F,  3VF. 

This  theoretical  series  is  of  the  Bame  general  type  as  that         a  by 
the  data,  and  the  agreement  (considering  all  of  the  unknown  fa 


120 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


is  fairly  close.    The  details  of  the  family  histories  included  in  table 
32  are  given  below. 

Ach-2  Family. 

A  family  of  English  and  probable  Scotch  stock.  The  family  residence  is 
now  located  in  Oregon,  in  which  State  the  3  children  of  the  third  generation 
were  born.  The  Father,  a  mechanic,  inclined  to  rheumatism  and  nervous- 
ness, has  at  50  years  the  formula  150/69  inches;  build  2.3  (32).    His  sibs 

Table  32. — Matings  of  a  heterozygous  parent,  of  either  medium  or  fleshy  build,  and  a 
slender  parent,  together  with  the  progeny  of  this  back-cross. 


(a)  From 

Table  III,  VS 

X  M  (S). 

Ref. 

Parentage. 

Offspring. 

FF 

FM 

F 

Father's 
sibs. 

MF 

MM 

M 

Mother's 
sibs. 

VS 

S 

M 

F      VF 

Ach  2 

Bic  1 

Gru  1 

Ise  2 

Mil  A 

Wit  2 

Total. . 

32 
29 
M 
26 
39 
26 

33 
35 
M 

31 

28 

M 

32 
34 
31 
31 
36 
33 

32 
M 
M 
31 
35 
M 

27 

S 

S 

27 

30 

t 

25 
25 
24 
23 
22 
22 

1 

1 
1 
2 

2 

2 
2 
1 
5 
3 
1 

3    .... 

4t    

It 

IS,  1M,  3F.  .  . 

1 

2t    

1 

7 

14 

3     .... 

A,  32.3^ 

t  ±0. 

59;  S 

D., 

4.38  ±0.42. 

(b)  From  1 

'able  IV, 

VSx  F  (S). 

Hoi  A 

39 
43 
37 

23 
24 
25 

1 

2 
2 
1 

4 
1 
3 

1        1 

1     

1     

Law  A. . . . 
Wat  5 

34 

35 

S 

IS,  1M,  2F.  . 

IF 

4S 

(c)  In  part  fb 

om  Tabli 

i  VII 

I,  S  x  F  (S). 

Gui  3 .  .  .  . 

27 
37 
30 
30 

S 

s 

s 

37 
40 
50 

s 

F 

28 

42 

38 

42 

27 

34 
31 

S 
35 

30 
35 

S 
27 

39 

27 

40 

37 

F 

51 

51 

29 

25 

S 

F 

S 

37 

S 

28 

S 

40 

1 

3 

2 

1 
1 

3    

2  .... 

1     

1        3 

1    

3    

Hok  1 . .  .  . 
Hot  1 .  .  .  . 

Hul  2 

Kie 

36 
M 

34 

S 
S 
25 

2 

4 
2 

Leo  (a) . . . 
Leo  (b).. . 

S 

S 

4S 

F 

S 

3S,  3F 

2 

1 

3 
10 

Lyn  2 

Mer  B... 

s 

47 

F 

27 

S 
37 

M 
36 

1 

Mor  (b)... 

IS,  1M,  4F.  . 

F 

F 

2S,  2F.  . 

4 

2 

Mor  (c). . . 

Pad  1 

Rid  1 
Rom  1 . . . . 
Van 

F 
31 

F(?) 
S 

M 
35 

M(?) 
F 

IS 

33 

S 
F 

23 

S 

M 

1     

3F  . 

2 

3t 

6 
1 

1     

3  .... 
1     

IS,  IF.  . 

1M.  . 

2 

1 

Wat 

Total. . 

S 

F 

26 

45 

3 

26 

36 

20        4 

A,  33.67  ±0.40. 


S.  D.,  5.58  ±0.28. 


THE   BACK    CBOe  [21 

are  all  tall  (and  presumably  Blender).     Hi-  father,  a  farmer,  died  « 
78  years  old,  having  at  40  year.-  the  formula  150  89  inch  b;  build  2.2 
His  mother,  after  having  borne  6  Bona  and  .">  daughters,  died  of 

70  years.  At  that  time  she  had  the  formula  12.")  02  niche-;  |,UiM  2.3  (33). 
Thus,  the  Father's  fraternity,  though  their  parents  wen  of  medium  build, 
apparently  carries  a  slender  tendency. 

The  Mother  suffers  from  ''rheumatism";  she  is  "always   busy"  and 
living  at  51  years,  with  the  formula  93/61   inches;  build   ]  8   (25)      Her 
father,  a  farmer,  died  at  82  with  the  formula  150/09  inches;  build  2  2 
Her  mother,  having  had  5  sons  and  4  daughters,  died  of  "head  trou 
at  42  years.    She  had  the  formula  100/01  inches;  build  1.9  (27).    Thus  I 
side  of  the  house  inclines  toward  slenderness.     The  3  children  are: 

1.  Female,  a  bookkeeper  and  "nervous,"  at  26  has  the  formula  95  55 
inches;  build  1.6  (23) ;  adjusted  to  50  years.  112/65  inches;  build  h    27 

2.  Female,  a  bookkeeper,  and  "energetic"  and  "nervous,"  at  22  b 
formula  120/67  inches;  build  1.9  (27) ;  adjusted  to  50  years,  139/67  incl 
build  2.2  (31). 

3.  Female,  a  bookkeeper  and  "energetic,  impulsive,  and  anile,"  has  at  23 
the  formula  112/63  inches;  build  1.9  (28);  adjusted  to  50  years,  129  63 
inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

Comment. — A  medium  Father  of  medium  and  slender  stock  marries  a 
slender,  nervous  woman  who  has  a  slender  mother.  One  of  the  children  is 
exceptionally  slender  and  two  are  slender  according  to  the  unadjusted  index 
It  is  very  doubtful  if  the  most  slender  child  would  ever  acquire  the  adjust  d 
index  of  27,  though  children  Nos.  2  and  3,  energetic  and  agile  at  23  and  22 
years  respectively,  with  builds  1.9  (28)  and  2.0  (27),  may  well  acquire  a 
medium  build  by  maturity  if  they  become  less  active  (R  :  Acb-2). 

Bic-1  Family. 

A  family  of  English  and  French  extraction  living  mostly  in  Kentucky 
and  Indiana.  The  Father,  a  newspaper  publisher,  suffered  in  youth  from 
typhoid  fever.  He  is  living  at  52  years,  having  at  45  years  the  formula 
175/72  inches;  build  2.4  (34).  His  father,  a  justice  of  the  peace,  died  at 
39  years  from  pulmonary  tuberculosis  contracted  during  the  Civil  War. 
At  26  years  he  had  the  formula  140/70  inches;  build  20  (29).  Sis  mot 
who  had  4  children,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  cancer.  She  is  living  .'  76 
years.  At  40  years  her  formula  was  160/68  inches;  build  2.4  (35).  Thus  the 
father  is  of  mixed  ancestry;  he  is  probably  heterozygous  in  respect  to  build. 

The  Mother  has  been  subject  to  tuberculosis  of  throat  and  lun^s.    SI 
living  at  51  years,  having  at  45  years  the  formula  102  04  inchi  -;  build  1  7 
(24).     Four  of  her  sibs  died  from  tuberculosis  of  throat  and  lui  Her 

father,  a  revenue  collector,  suffered  in  youth  from  rheumatism  and  in  middle 
age  from  "very  bad  throat  trouble."     He  died  at  85  year-   from  old 
At  45  years  he  was  of  medium  build.     Her  mother,  who  had  9  child: 
always  well,  died  at  85  years  from  malignant   tumor.     At    l.". 
was  slender.    This  side  of  the  house  is  very  slender,  largely  on  account 
tuberculosis.     The  grandfather  is  of  medium  build;  the  grandmother  \ 
nervously  active  and  slender.    The  3  children: 

1.  Female,   a   social   worker,   who   in   youth   suffered    from   diphthei  i 
tonsillitis,  and  adenoids,  has  at  23  years  the  formula  106  M  inches;  build 
1.8  (26) ;  adjusted  to  45  years,  2.1   (29).     (R  :  Bic   L.) 

2.  Female,   a   college   graduate,   who   in   youth   suffered    from   tonsillif  - 
scarlet  fever,  and  appendicitis  and  had  a  tendency  to  consumption,      I     / 


122  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

22  years  the  formula  126/66  inches;  build  2.0  (29);  adjusted  to  45  years, 
142/66  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

3.  Female,  a  student,  who  has  a  "nervous  temperament,"  has  at  18  years 
the  formula  124/67  inches;  build  2.0  (28);  adjusted  to  45  years,  143/67 
inches;  build  2.3  (32). 

Comment. — The  tuberculous  tendency  of  the  Mother's  fraternity  and  of 
the  Father's  father  reappears  in  at  least  one  of  the  children.  None  is  as 
slender  as  the  Mother,  and  all  approach  the  medium  grade  (R  :  Bic-1). 

Gru-1  Family. 

A  family  of  English  and  German  extraction  living  mostly  in  Pennsylvania 
and  New  Jersey.  The  Father,  a  school-teacher  and  principal,  is  living  at 
52  years,  having  had  at  45  years  the  formula  134/66  inches;  build  2.2  (31). 
One  of  his  brothers  died  of  "consumption"  and  was  apparently  slender. 
His  father,  a  farmer,  often  mentally  depressed,  is  living  at  75  years,  and  has 
a  "medium"  build.  His  mother,  who  had  10  children,  and  who  suffered 
in  middle  age  from  rheumatism,  is  living  at  73  years,  and  is  of  "medium" 
build.  Thus  the  paternal  inheritance  is  toward  medium  build;  the  father 
possibly  heterozygous. 

The  Mother  suffered  in  middle  age  from  inflammatory  rheumatism;  she 
has  at  40  years  the  formula  106/66  inches;  build  1.7  (24).  Her  father, 
a  farmer,  of  medium  build,  died  at  77  years  from  pneumonia.  Her  mother, 
who  had  6  children,  died  at  77  years  from  arterio-sclerosis ;  she  was  slender. 
Thus  the  maternal  build  is  prevailingly  slender,  though  the  grandfather  is 
of  medium  build.    The  3  children: 

1.  Female,  a  teacher,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  diphtheria,  has  at  20 
years  the  formula  110/65  inches;  build  1.8  (26);  adjusted  to  42  years, 
125/65  inches;  build  2.1   (30). 

2.  Female,  a  student,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  infantile  paralysis,  has 
at  18  years  the  formula  120/64  inches;  build  2.1  (29) ;  adjusted  to  42  years, 
136/64  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

3.  Female,  at  13  years,  has  already  the  build  of  her  next  older  sister. 
Comment. — All  the  children  have  a  heavier  build  than  the  slenderer 

parent  and  approach  a  medium  build  (R  :  Gru-1). 

Ise-2  Family. 

A  family  of  Swiss  and  French  origin  living  in  Kansas.  The  Father,  who 
is  of  Swiss  parentage,  a  farmer,  is  living  at  86  years,  having  the  formula 
150/68  inches;  build  2.3  (32).  His  father,  a  farmer,  died  of  consumption, 
having  the  formula  120/68  inches;  build  1.8  (26).  His  mother,  who  had 
8  children,  died  at  82  years  from  pneumonia,  having  the  formula  130/65 
inches;  build  2.2  (31).  This  side  of  the  house  is  of  mixed  slender-medium 
build. 

The  Mother,  who  has  had  11  children,  is  of  French-Swiss  stock  and  has 
been  a  farmer's  wife  in  Kansas.  She  has  been  operated  upon  for  glaucoma, 
is  living  at  72  years,  and  has  the  formula  88/62  inches;  build  1.6  (23). 
Her  father,  a  farmer,  died  from  neuralgia  of  heart,  having  the  formula 
130/65  inches;  build  2.2  (31).  Her  mother,  who  had  3  children,  died  at  46 
years,  suddenly,  perhaps  from  appendicitis,  having  the  formula  115/65 
inches;  build  1.9  (27).  The  maternal  side  of  the  house  has  thus  a  build 
ranging  from  very  slender  to  slender-medium.  The  8  children  about  whom 
information  is  given  are: 


THE   BACK    CROSS.  123 

1.  Male,  a  college  professor,  died  al    12  yean  after  an  operation 

appendicitis,  having  the  formula  125  68  inches;  build   1.9   (27)      dji 
to  55+  years,  129/68  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 

2.  Female,  a  librarian,  who  in  youth  Buffered  from  pneumonia,  in  middle 
age  from  a  nervous  breakdown,  has  at  47  yeara  the  formula  112  60  im 
build  2.2  (31). 

3.  Female,  a  stenographer,  who  in  middle  age  suffered  from  fever  'in 
Africa),  has  at  45  years  the  formula  117/03  inches;  build  2  1    (30). 

4.  Male,  a  college  professor,  always  well,  has  at  41  yean  the  formula 
170/70  inches;  build  2.4  (35) ;  adjusted  to  ."..".  !  years,  1  :.">  To  inch<  - :  build 
2.5  (36). 

5.  Male,  a  merchant,  has  at  39  years  the  formula  160  7(>  inch.-;  build 
2.3  (33);  adjusted  to  55+  years.  166/70  inches;  build  2.4   (34). 

6.  Male,  a  merchant,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  acute  rheumatism  and 
leakage  of  heart,  has  at  36  years  the  formula  165  72  inches;  build  2  2 
adjusted  to  55+  years,  172/72  inches;  build  2.3   (33). 

7.  Male,  an  editor,  who  in  middle  age  has  suffered    from   pleurisy   and 
pneumonia,  has  at  33  years  the   formula   150/71    inches;   build   2  1    (3 
adjusted  to  55+  years,  159/71  inches;  build  2.2  (32). 

8.  Male,  a  newspaper  reporter,  of  unknown  build. 

Comment. — All  children,  except  the  first,  who  was  of  a  nervous,  active 
type  and  died  prematurely,  are  of  medium  build,  mostly  slightly  Besbier 
than  the  stockier  parent  (R  :  Ise-2t. 

Mil-A  Family. 

A  family  probably  of  old  American  (English)  stock,  living  in  Los  Angi 
California.     The  Father,  at  70  years,  had  the   formula    170  68.5   in< 
build  2.5  (36).    Of  his  sibs,  1  is  slender,  1  medium,  and  4  are  fleshy.     II 
father,  at  70  years,  had  the  formula  180/68  inches;  build  2.7   (39).     II 
mother,  at  70  years,  had  the  formula  120/66  inches;  build  1.9  (28).    Thus 
the  Father  is  of  mixed  fleshy  and  slender  origin. 

The  Mother,  at  85  years,  had  the  formula  loo  67  incla  -:  build  1  6  (22 
Her  father,  at  70  years,  175/70  inches;  build  2.5  (35).     Her  mother.  :it  70 
years,  135/67  inches;  build  2.1   (30).     Thus,  the  maternal  parenl   is  \n 
slender  with  slender  to  medium  grandparent-.     The  0  childrt  I 

1.  Male,  at  56  years,  has  the  formula  224/72  inches;  build  3  1    I  I 

2.  Male,  at  53  years,  190/72  inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

3.  Female,  at  27  years,  130/67  inches;  build  2.0  (29);  adjusted  to  55 
years,  148/67  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

4.  Female,  at  64  years,  100/68  inches;  build  1.5  (22). 

5.  Female,  at  50  years,  140/67  inches;  build  2.2  'Ml  I. 

6.  Female,  at  59  years.  190/67  inches;  build  3.0  (42). 
Comment. — The  children  vary  from  Blender  to  fleshy;  thus  twi 

heavier  build  than  any  ancestor  described  (S  :  Mil— A). 

Wn  2  Family. 

A  family  of  English  and  Irish  extraction:  paternal  grandparent!  living 
in  the  Middle  States  and  California.     The  Father,  a  men  in 

middle  age  from  pneumonia.  He  is  living  at  75  yean  W  To  years  DM 
formula  was  155/69  inches;  build  2.3  (33 1.  Hie  father,  a  farmer,  died  at 
86  years  from  dropsy.    At  70  years  hi>  formula  was  140  73  in<  lild 

1.8*(26).    His  mother,  who  had  s  children,  >\;^\  from  consumption.    A1 
years  she  was  of  medium  build.    Thus  this  Bide  of  the  house  i-  prevailinj 


124  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

of  medium  build,  but  the  Father's  father  was  slender,  consequently  the 
Father  is  probably  heterozygous  for  build. 

The  Mother  suffered  in  middle  age  from  insanity  and  consumption,  hav- 
ing the  formula  100/68  inches;  build  1.5  (22).  Two  of  her  4  sibs  who 
reached  maturity  died  from  consumption.  Their  father,  a  farmer,  died  at 
74  years  from  bladder  trouble.  At  50  years  he  was  of  medium  build.  Their 
mother,  who  had  4  children,  died  from  consumption.  In  this  family  the 
very  slender  stature  is  probably  controlled  by  lung  tuberculosis.  The  3 
children  are: 

1.  Male,  a  machinist,  who  was  accidentally  killed  at  19  years,  145/69 
inches;  build  2.1  (30);  adjusted  to  55  years,  168/71  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

2.  Male,  retired,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  dysentery  and  pneumonia; 
in  middle  age  from  indigestion,  internal  catarrh,  tuberculosis,  appendicitis, 
and  malaria,  has  at  44  years  the  formula  140/69.5  inches;  build  2.0  (29). 

3.  Female,  who  was  "very  healthy"  in  youth,  but  in  middle  age  had 
mental  "nervous  troubles,"  has  at  40  years  the  formula  100/64  inches; 
build  1.7  (24) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  106/64  inches;  build  1.8  (26). 

Comment. — The  children  of  this  mating  are  mixed  slender  to  medium; 
one  of  the  children  is  feeble-minded  and  is  very  slender;  one  who  is  slender 
has  had  active  tuberculosis  and  much  other  illness;  the  third,  who  died  at 
19,  had  an  average  build.  The  record  is  complicated  by  disease  (R  :  Wit-2). 


Hol-A  Family. 

A  family  from  Illinois.  The  Father  at  55  years  has  the  formula :  180/68 
inches;  build  2.7  (39). 

The  Mother,  at  50  years,  has  the  formula:  100/66  inches;  build  1.6  (23). 
The  9  children  are: 

(1)  Female,  at  30  years,  has  the  formula  180/65  inches;  build  3.0  (43) ; 
adjusted  to  55  years,  194/65  inches;  build  3.2  (46). 

(2)  Male,  at  30  years,  130/66  inches;  build  2.1  (30);  adjusted  to  55 
years,  139/66  inches;  build  2.3  (32). 

(3)  Male,  at  27  years,  170/68  inches;  build  2.6  (37);  adjusted  to  55 
years,  183/68  inches;  build  2.8  (40). 

(4)  Male,  at  25  years,  165/74  inches;  build  2.1  (30);  adjusted  to  55 
years,  184/74  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

(5)  Male,  at  29  years,  140/68  inches;  build  2.1  (30);  adjusted  to  55 
years,  151/68  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

(6)  Male,  at  26  years,  125/72  inches;  build  1.7  (24). 

(7)  Female,  at  24  years,  140/69  inches;  build  2.1  (29);  adjusted  to  55 
years,  161/69  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

(8)  Female,  at  22  years,  110/72  inches;  build  1.5  (21);  adjusted  to  55 
years,  130/72  inches;  build  1.8  (25). 

(9)  Female,  at  20  years,  has  the  formula  100/64  inches;  build  1.7  (24); 
adjusted  to  55  years,  119/64  inches;  build  2.0  (29). 

Comment. — The  children  vary  greatly  from  very  slender  to  stout  or  even, 
adjusted,  to  very  stout.  One  of  them  is  much  stouter  than  either  parent. 
Probably  the  Father  is  heterozygous  (S:  Hol-A). 

Law-A  Family. 
A  family  from  Georgia.    The  Father,  at  30  years,  had  the  formula  200/68 
inches;  build  3.0  (43).     His  brothers  were  "all  stout."     His  father,  at  30 
years,  had  the  formula  160/69  inches;  build  2.4  (34).     The  fleshy  father 
carries  factors  for  at  least  medium  build. 


THE   BACK    CBOS  125 

The  Mother,  at  30  years,  had  the  formula  KM)  »i'>  iu.l  «    .  build  17     24 
Her  brothers  were  all  of  "medium"  build.     Her  si-t.  -.1 

medium,  and  2  fleshy.     Their  father,  at  30  years,  had  the  formula  170  70 
inches;  build  2.4  (35).    The  4  children: 

1.  Male,  at  30  years,  had  the  formula  190/68  inches;  bud.  ;i  i. 

2.  Female,  at  30  years,  110/61  inches;  I. mid  2.1    (30). 

3.  Female,  at  30  Years,  100/00  inch.-;  build  2.0  (28). 

4.  Female,  at  30  years,  130/61  inches;  build  2.5  (35 

Comment. — A  fleshy  man  of  medium  Btock  has  by  a  very  Blender  woman 
of  mixed  stock  in  respect  to  build,  4  children— 2  Blender,  1  medium,  and 
1  fleshy  (S  :  Law-A). 

Wat-5  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction;  grandparents  living  in   Massachusett 
Michigan,   England,  Utah,  and   Montana;   parent-   and   children   Living   in 
Utah   and  Montana.     The  Father,  a   miner,  Buffered    in   middle  age   from 
pneumonia  and  died  at  64  years  from  chronic  bronchitis.     At  60  yean  his 
formula  was  190/72  inches;  build  2.6  (37).     His  father,  a  farmer,  died  at 
37  years.    The  Father  had  a  fleshy  sister,  at  least  3  of  whose  children  v 
fleshy.    His  mother  died  at  38  years.     Apparently,  a  fleshy  .-tram  on 
Father's  father's  side;  Father's  mother'.-  Bide  unknown. 

The  Mother,  who  had  7  children,  suffered  in  youth  from  BCarlet  fever  and 
lung  fever,  is  living  at  60  years,  having  the  formula  107  65.5  inches;  build 
1.8  (25).  Her  4  sibs  are  "thin."  Their  father,  a  lawyer,  Buffered  at  23  y< 
from  scarlet  fever,  died  from  an  accident  at  42.  Two  of  hia  Bibe  were  "very 
large"  and  tall.  Her  mother,  who  had  9  children,  died  at  7<>  yean  from 
pneumonia;  she  was  slender  and  so  was  her  Bister.  Thus  the  b1< 
has  both  slender  and  fleshy  close  relations.    The  5  children  who  grow  up  are; 

1.  Female,  married,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  scarlet   fever,  ha-  at 
years  the  formula  109/67  inches;  build   1.7    (24);   adjusted  to  55  y< 
119/67  inches;  build  1.9  (27). 

2.  Male,  a  miner,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  scarlet  fever,  tonsillitis,  and 
throat  trouble,  has  at  34  years  the  formula  185/71  inches;  build  2.6  (37)  ; 
adjusted  to  55  years,  193/71  inches;  build  2.7  (38). 

3.  Female,  married,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  BCarlet  fever,  has, 
years,  the  formula   128/66  inches;  build  2.0   (29);  adjusted  to  55 
143/66  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

4.  Female,  married,  who  in  youth  Buffered  from  throat  trouble,  underwent 
&  tonsillectomy  and  appendectomy,  has  at   2.")  years  the  formula    120  I 
inches;  build  2.0  (28) ;  adjusted  to' 55  year-.  13S  65.5  inches;  build  2 

5.  Female,  married,  has  at  21  years,  the  formula  120  65  5  im  es;  build 
2.0  (28) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  140/65.5  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

Comment. — The  adjusted  build  of  the  children  show   1   slender   (unad- 
justed, very  slender),  3  medium,  and   1    fleshy,  BUggesting  a 
parentage.    This  family  has  been  placed  in  this  category,  despite 
of  information  about  the  Father's  parent-,  because  of  the  great  variability 
of  the  children  (R  :  Wat-5). 


Cm  3  Family. 
A    family   of   Scandinavian   extraction,    living   mostly    m    K 
Father,  a  farmer,  who  Buffered  in  middle  age  from  asthma,  hai    -Ti- 
the formula  125/68  inches;  build  1.9  (27). 


126  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

The  Mother  has  at  60  years  the  formula  150/62  inches;  build  2.7  (39). 
Her  father,  a  farmer,  died  at  83  years  from  senile  dementia.  At  75  years 
his  formula  was  150/S  inches;  build,  say,  2.4  (34).  Her  mother,  who  had 
6  children,  died  at  84  years,  "probably  senility."  At  75  years  her  formula 
was  120/M  inches;  build,  say,  2.1  (30).    The  8  children: 

1.  Female,  married,  suffered  in  youth  and  middle  age  from  heart  trouble, 
following  rheumatism.  At  40  years  she  has  the  formula  110/62  inches; 
build  2.0  (29) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  116/62  inches;  build  2.1  (30). 

2.  Male,  a  farmer,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  rheumatism,  has  at  33 
years  the  formula  135/67  inches;  build  2.1  (30);  adjusted  to  55  years, 
144/67  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

3.  Male,  who  died  at  16  years  from  operation  for  rectal  tumor. 

4.  Male,  a  real-estate  dealer,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  asthma,  has  at 
33  years  the  formula  135/67  inches;  build  2.1  (30)  ;  adjusted  to  55+  years, 
144/67  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

5.  Female,  a  nurse,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  anterior  poliomyelitis 
(complete  recovery),  has  at  31  years  the  formula  150/64  inches;  build  2.6 
(37) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  162/64  inches;  build  2.7  (39). 

6.  Male,  a  farmer,  has  at  29  years  the  formula  153/70  inches;  build  2.2 
(31) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  166/70  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

7.  Female,  has  at  27  years  the  formula  150/65  inches;  build  2.5  (36); 
adjusted  to  55  years,  166/65  inches;  build  2.7  (39). 

8.  Male,  a  farmer,  has  at  24  years  the  formula  150/67  inches;  build  2.3 
(33);  adjusted  to  55+  years,  164/67  inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

Comment. — One-half  of  the  children  may  be  expected  to  exceed  the  mean 
build  of  the  parents,  and  2  to  equal  or  exceed  the  fleshy  build  of  the  Mother 
(R  :  Gui-3). 

Hok-1  Family. 

A  family  of  German  and  English  extraction,  living  in  Illinois,  Colorado, 
and  Iowa.  The  Father,  who  is  a  carpenter,  always  well,  is  living  at  63 
years,  having  the  formula  180/70  inches;  build  2.6  (37).  His  father,  who 
was  a  manufacturer,  always  well,  died  at  72  years  from  a  fistula.  At  72 
years  his  formula  175/70  inches;  build  2.5  (36).  The  father's  mother  died 
at  about  48  years;  was  of  slender  build. 

The  Mother,  always  well,  has  at  62  years  the  formula  105/62  inches; 
build  1.9  (27).  Her  father,  who  was  a  coal-mine  owner,  died  at  46  years 
from  exposure  during  Civil  War.  At  45  years  his  formula  140/67  inches; 
build  2.2  (31).  Her  mother,  always  well,  died  at  87  years  from  old  age. 
Formula,  145/64  inches;  build  2.5  (35).    Two  grown  children: 

1.  Male,  a  surveyor,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  typhoid,  has  at  34  years 
the  formula  160/70  inches;  build  2.3  (33);  adjusted  to  55+  years,  168/70 
inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

2.  Male,  always  well,  has  at  26  years  the  formula  165/72  inches;  build 
2.2  (32) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  181/72  inches;  build  2.5  (35). 

Comment. — Both  children  are  of  medium  build,  fairly  close  to  that  of  the 
fleshier  parent  (R  :  Hok-1). 

Hot-1  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction,  living  mostly  in  New  York  State.  The 
Father,  who  is  a  carpenter,  suffered  in  middle  age  from  pneumonia.  He  is 
living  at  51  years,  having  the  formula  150/71  inches;  build  2.1   (30).     His 


THE   BACK    CROSS.  1_'7 

father,  who  was  a  fanner,  died  at  69  yean  from  apoplexy;  was  of  medium 
build.    His  mother,  who  had  6  children,  al  50  yean  was  Blender. 
The  Mother  is  living  at  50  years,  having  the  formula  l"'11  61  in     es;  build 

2.8  (40).    Her  father,  who  was  a  grocer,  Buffered  in  youth  from  rheumatism; 
in  middle  age  from  typhoid  fever.     He  died  at  til  year-  from  Brig 

ease.     At  61  years  he  was  slender.     Her  mother,  who  had  3  children,   • 
always  well.    She  died  at  79  years  from  cerebral  hemorrhag 
to  be  slender. 

One  son,  a  teacher,  always   well,  has  at    25   years  the   formula    1  »<i 
inches;  build  2.2  (31);  adjusted  to  50  year-.  151  67  inches;  build  2 

Comment. — The  son  is  intermediate  in  build  between  the  parenU 
(R  :  Hot-1). 

Hul-2  Family. 

A  rural  New  York  family  of  prevailingly  English  origin.     The  Father,  a 
business  man,  always  well,  had,  at  50  yean,  the   formula   140  t'.s   .?, 
build  2.1   (30).     His  father,  who  died  of  "rheumatism  of  the  stomach1 
80  years,  had  the  formula  160/69  inches;  build  2.4  (34i.     Hi-  mother,  who 
died  at  82  years  of  old  age,  with  dropsical  tendencies,  had  the   formula 
95/62  inches;  build  1.7   (25).     This  family  has  a  build  at  or  below  I    • 
average. 

The  Mother,  who  suffered  much  from  sick  headache  and  "rheumatism/1 
and  in  later  years  from  diabetes  mellitus,  had.  at  50  yean,  the  formula 
150/64  inches;  build  2.6  (37).  Her  father,  who  Buffered  from  migraine,  had 
the  formula  155/67  inches;  build  2.4  (35).  Her  mother,  always  well,  died 
at  78  years  of  gradual  decay;  her  formula,  at  50  year-.  1 15  65  inches;  build 

1.9  (27).     The  Mother  is  doubtless  heterozygous.     There  are  7  children: 

1.  Female,  who  has  had  pneumonia  and  sutlers  from  migraine,  has,  at  38, 
the  formula  100/62.5  inches;  build  1.8  (26). 

2.  Female,  a  teacher,  married,  at  37  years,  115  t;.">  inches;  build  1.9  i27>. 

3.  Female,  married,  and  died  at  35  years  of  Addison's  disease     I 
inches;  build  1.8  (25). 

4.  Female,  who  has  been  operated  on  for  tubercular  neck  glands,  at 
years,  115/62 'inches;  build  2.1   (30). 

5.  Female,  who  suffered  in  youth  from  tachycardia,  at  28  yean,  LOO  ' 
inches;  build  1.6  (23). 

6.  Female,  who  has  suffered  from  migraine  and  rheumatism  and  had  an 
attack  of  pneumonia,  at  27  yean,  115/64  inches;  build  2.0  (28)  ;  adjust 
to  50  years,  119/64  inches;  build  2.0  (29). 

7.  Male,  well,  at  20  yean,  140  67  inches;  build  2.2   (31);  adjust 
50  years,  158/68  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

Comment. — On  the  whole  the  children  are  below  the  average  build,  like 
the  slender  parent  (R  :  Hul-2). 

Kie  Family,     i  Fig.   13.) 

II  1    $  ,  a  slender  German.     His  wife,  II  2   ?  .  fleshy.     T. 
of  whose  build  something  is  known:   III  1    '  ,  fleshy;  III  2 
6  feet  tall,  married  to  a  fleshy  woman,  has  6  tall,  .-lender  daughter-      III 
4  9  ,  died  of  "heart  disease";  -lender.    Ill  7    '  .  died  at  56 
lungs,  weight  in  health  82  kg.   (180  pound  "ire  17s  cm.    (70  in 

build  2.6  (37),  fleshy.    Thus  2  are  fleshy  and  2  Blender. 

Comment. — From  the  variability  of  the  offspring  W 
Mother  was  heterozygous  in  build   (73  t'>70>. 


128 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


Leo  Family,  A.     (Fig.  23.) 

II  7  $  ,  slender  with  4  slender  sibs.  Their  parents  both  slender.  His 
wife,  II  8  9  ,  at  36  years,  has  a  stature  of  152  cm.  (60  inches) ;  weight 
84  kg.  (184  pounds);  build  3.6  (51);  very  fleshy;  relative  chest-girth 
112  -T-  152,  or  74  per  cent.  She  has  3  fleshy  and  2  slender  sibs.  Of  their 
parents  one  was  fleshy  and  one  slender.    Thus  II  8  is  heterozygous. 

III  4,  the  only  child,  at  9  years,  has  a  relative  chest-girth  of  57  per  cent; 
fleshy. 

Leo  Family,  B. 

15$,  slender,  and  16$,  whose  build  is  about  3.6  (51),  or  very  fleshy, 
have  6  children  of  whom  something  is  known,  as  follows:  II  8  $  ,  build  3.6 
(51),  very  fleshy;  II  11  9  ,  fleshy;  II  15  9  ,  slender;  II  16  9  ,  slender,  mar- 
ried to  a  slender  man  and  has  3  slender  children;  II  12  $  ,  of  medium 
stature  and  95  kg.  (210  pounds)  weight;  build,  say,  3.2  (45) ;  very  fleshy; 


Ht# 


Tir  HB  ^P  BB3  t3/   I    I  r<l}g 


m 


© 


& © 4 4 4 4 4  am 

1  l  3  i  S  b  1  1 


5        6        7        o  ttw  9dinf.l0 


8 


ED  6 

9       10 


Fig.  43. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build  in 
the  Kie  family. 


II  13  9  ,  of  tall  stature  and  91  kg.  (200  pounds)  weight;  build,  say,  3.2 
(46) ;  very  fleshy.  Thus  there  are  3  very  fleshy,  1  fleshy,  and  2  slender 
children.  The  Mother's  heterozygosity  is  inferred  from  the  variability  of 
the  progeny  in  build. 

II  14  $  ,  fleshy,  and  II  15  9  ,  slender,  have  2  sons,  both  slender  (73  :  676). 

Lyn-2  Family. 

A  family  of  prevailingly  English  stock,  living  in  Illinois  and  Nebraska. 
The  Father,  who  was  a  farmer  and  school-teacher,  died  at  65  years  from 
cancer  of  stomach.  Formula,  150/64  inches;  build  2.6  (37).  His  father, 
who  was  a  farmer,  died  at  76  years  from  pneumonia;  he  was  slender.  His 
mother,  who  had  10  children,  is  living  and  is  corpulent.  Thus  the  Father  is 
heterozygous. 

The  Mother,  who  has  1  child,  has  at  49  years  the  formula  120/64  inches; 
build  2.1  (29).    Her  father,  who  is  a  carpenter,  always  well,  is  at  70  years 


THE    HACK    (■]{()-■..  129 

slender.    Her  mother,  who  had  l  children,  died  at  36  year-  from  pneum 
she  was  of  medium  build.    One  child,  female,  a  kindergarten  U 
at  19  years  the  formula   110/(53  inches;   hmld  2.0    (28 
years,  130/63  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

Comment.— The  child  is  now  like  the  Blender  parent  and  will  probably 
increase  somewhat  in  build  (R  :  Lyn-2). 

Mer-B  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction  from  Rochester,  New  York.     The  Fat1 
at  21  years,  had  the  formula  200/71  inches;  build  2  s  < 40).     II:-  father  had 
the  formula  250/73  inches;  build  3.3   (47).     His  mother  had  the   formula 
130/70  inches;  build  1.9  (27). 

The  Mother,  at  21  years,  had  the  formula  96/61  inches;  build   1  8 
Her  father  had  the  formula  170/68  inches;  build  2.6  (37>.     lb  r  mot]  i  r  had 
the  formula  150/65  inches;  build  2.5  (36).     Five  children: 

1.  Male,  at  21  years,  had  the  formula  175/68  inches,  build  2.7  (38). 

2.  Male,  at  21  years,  170/72  inches;  build  2.3  (33 1. 

3.  Female,  140/64  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

4.  Female,  130/65  inches;  build  2.2  (31). 

5.  Female,  130/67  inches;  build  2.0  (29). 

Comment. — All  5   children   are   intermediate   between   the    |  :    1    is 

fleshy,  1  slender  (S  :  Mer-B). 

Mor  Family.     (Fig.  24.) 

(a)  II  1  $  ,  stature  181  cm.  (71  inches);  weight  13  kir.  i2(i  umbi; 
build  3.5  (50);  very  fleshy.  Married  II  2,  a  -lender  woman.  They  had 
7  sons,  2  fleshy,  5  medium,  and  6  daughters,  1  fleshy  and  5  medium     T 

3  fleshy  and  10  of  medium  build.    To  save  space  only  5  are  represented  in 
figure  24. 

(b)  IV  16  $  ,  slender,  married  IV  17  9  .  fleshy,  who  has  2  fleshy  and 
2  slender  sibs;  and  both  parents  fleshy.  They  have  4  living  children,  all 
slender. 

(c)  IV  5  $-,  fleshy  with  4  fleshy,  1  medium,  and  1  slender  Blbfl  and  a 
fleshy  and  medium  parent;  married  IV  6.  slender,  with  a  slender  sister. 
They  had  2  sons,  both  slender  (73  :  690). 

Pad-1  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction,  living  in  the  middle  West.  The  Father. 
a  horticulturist,  subject  in  middle  life  to  catarrh,  is  living  at  55 
having  had  at  50  years  the  formula  145/72  inches;  build  2.0  (28).  Eiifl 
father,  a  farmer,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  measles  and  bronchitis,  and 
in  middle  age  from  liver  trouble,  died  at  59  years  from  complication  ol 
stomach  and  liver  diseases.  At  55  years  his  formula  14")  6S  inches;  build 
2.2  (31).  His  mother  is  living  at  80  years,  having  the  formula  100 
inches;  build  2.4  (35). 

The  Mother,  at  49  years,  had  the  formula  145  63  in  bes;  build  -  ~ ». 

Her  father,  a  merchant  and  farmer,  suffered  in  youth  from  typhoid  few 
and  congestion  of  the  brain.  He  died  at  86  years  from  old  age,  baving  had 
at  70  years  the  formula  170/72  inches;  build  2.3  (33).  Her  mother  d 
at  83  years  of  old  age,  having  the  formula  95  til  inches;  build  1  0 
The  only  grown  child  is  a  male,  a  student,  who  in  youth  Buffered  from 
measles  and  catarrh,  has  at  21  years  the  formula  155  67  inches;  build  3  I 
(35);  adjusted  to  50  years,  171/67.5  inches;  build  2.6  (87). 


130  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

Comment. — The  only  grown  child  is  like  his  stouter  parent  in  build 
(R  :Pad-l). 

Rom-1  Family. 

A  family  of  prevailing  English  stock,  living  in  Ohio.  Indiana,  Illinois, 
and  Kansas.  The  Father,  who  is  a  lawyer,  has  at  72  years  the  formula 
170/67  inches;  build  2.7  (38).  Three  of  his  brothers  died  at  26  years, 
41  years,  and  22  years  respectively,  from  tuberculosis;  all  were  of  medium 
height.  Their  father,  who  was  a  "farmer  and  blacksmith,"  died  at  76  years 
from  Bright's  disease;  was  slender.  Their  mother,  who  had  5  children,  died 
at  55  years  from  "tuberculosis  of  the  liver";  was  corpulent.  The  Father 
is  doubtless  heterozygous  in  build. 

The  Mother  has  at  67  years  the  formula  119/65  inches;  build  2.0  (28). 
One  of  her  sisters,  who  was  tall,  died  from  "quick  consumption";  another 
from  diabetes;  another  from  dropsy.  Two  of  her  brothers,  tall,  died  from 
hardening  of  the  arteries,  another  from  "leakage  of  the  heart,"  and  another 
from  dropsy.  Their  father,  who  was  a  miller,  died  at  76  years — "a  compli- 
cation of  diseases  (asthma)."  He  was  corpulent.  Their  mother,  who  had 
10  children,  died  at  72  years  from  pneumonia;  was  of  medium  build.  The 
7  children  are: 

1.  Female,  married,  who  in  middle  age  suffered  from  rheumatism,  has  at 
44  years  the  formula  155/64  inches;  build  2.7  (38);  adjusted  to  55  years, 
158/64  inches;  build  2.7  (39). 

2.  Male,  a  farmer,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  malarial  fever,  has  at  41 
years  the  formula  150/68  inches;  build  2.3  (32);  adjusted  to  55  years, 
155/68  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

3.  Male,  a  farmer,  has  at  38  years  the  formula  155/68  inches;  build  2.4 
(34) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  161/68  inches;  build  2.5  (35). 

4.  Male,  who  died  at  18  years  from  diphtheria,  having  the  formula 
145/72  inches;  build  2.0  (28);  adjusted  to  55  years,  171/72  inches;  build 
2.3  (33). 

5.  Female,  married,  has  at  31  vears  the  formula  115/65  inches;  build 
1.9  (27);  adjusted  to  55  years,  132/65  inches;  build  2.2  (31). 

6.  Male,  a  farmer,  has  at  28  years  the  formula  160/71  inches;  build 
2.2  (32) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  174/71  inches;  build  2.4  (35). 

7.  Female,  a  student,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  tonsillitis,  scarlet  fever, 
and  other  "children's"  diseases,  has  at  22  years  the  formula  118/64  inches; 
build  2.0  (29) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  136/64  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

Comment. — All  except  one  on  the  adjusted  weights  equal  or  exceed  the 
mid-parent  index.  One  of  the  7  children  is  as  fleshy  as  the  fleshier  parent 
(R  :  Rom-1). 

Rid  Family.     (Fig.  48. ) 

III  9  $  ,  at  59  years,  stature  157  cm.  (62  inches);  weight  73  kg.  (160 
pounds);  build  2.9  (42);  fleshy;  "as  fat  as  butter  when  a  child."  He  has 
3  fleshy  sibs  and  his  parents  are  dissimilar  in  build;  hence  he  is  hetero- 
zygous; married  to  III  10   $  ,  slender,  of  two  slender  parents. 

Of  their  2  children,  IV  3  9  ,  at  30  years  is  slender;  IV  4  $  ,  at  16  vears, 
slender  (73  :  727). 

Van  Family.     (Fig.  44.) 

13  5,  died  at  51  years  of  heart  disease,  stature  170  cm.  (67  inches) ; 
weight  86  kg.  (190  pounds)  ;  build  3.0  (42)  ;  fleshy.     He  was  one  of  a 


THE    HACK    CHOSS. 


131 


fraternity  of  8  of  whom  something  is  known  of  the  following:  I  l 
slender;  12  5,  stature  183  (72  inches);  weight  90  kg  (200  ;  n 
build  2.7  (38.5);  fleshy;  slender  as  a  child.     I  3,  married  I  4,  wl  :  at 

32,  was  tall,  slender,  angular.    A  brother  is  of  medium  build. 

They  have  5  children:  II  1    c5  ,  died  at  53  years  of  ind 
189  cm.  (74  inches);  weight  90  kg.   (200  pounds);  build  2.6   (37 
II  2  9  ,  always  slender.    II  3   9  ,  Blender.    114   $ ,  at  64,  etatun    175 
(69  inches) ;  weight  88  kg.  (194  pounds);  build  2.9  (41);  fleshy.    R<  lal 
chest-girth  108-^-175,  or  62  per  rent.    He  first  began  to  increase  in  b 
at  22  years  and  at  30  years  had  his  present  build;  loses  weight  after  vigor- 
ous exercise.     He  married  a  woman   (II  5)  who,  like  himself,  was  Blender 
in  youth,  but  began  to  grow  fleshy  at  39,  and  now  has  a  build  oi  2.9  I  11  I. 
She  has  2  slender,  2  fleshy,  and  2  very  fleshy  Bibs,  and  her  pan 
both  very  fleshy.    The  foregoing  couple  (II  4.  5)  have  2  children  who  gj 


DtB 


% 


®2m 


m 

Fig.  44. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of 
build  in  Van  family. 

up.    Ill  1   9  at  28  years,  keeps  slender  by  constant  dieting.     Ill  2 

of  twins)  at  25  years,  very  slender,  nervous,  and  irritable.     The  children 

have  not  yet  reached  the  age  when  their  mother  became  fleshy. 

Finally,  II  7   9  ,  at  50  years,  is  170  cm.  (67  inches)  tall  and  w<  .       R8 
kg.  (195  pounds);  build  3.1  (43);  fleshy.     She  was  -lender  up  I     27 
of  age.    She  is  married  to  a  somewhat  fleshy  man  and  their  da 
27  is  of  medium  build,  but  beginning  to  mow  fleshy. 

Comment. — The  mating  of  a  man  of  build  3.0,  of  a  fraternity  I 
variable  in  build,  and  a  woman  of  slender  build  yields  grown  children  with 
following  builds:  2.6,  "slender,"  "slender,"  2.9  (slender  in  youth),  and  3  l 
(slender  in  youth).    Three  of  the  five  become  fleshy,  but  probably  only 
in  life — the  heterozygous  reaction  (73  :  745). 

Wat  Family. 

A  family  of  English  extraction  living  in  Wyoming.     T;  I    1  ather,  ■ 
tuberculosis,  has  the  formula   125  68  inches;  build   1.9    (27)       H  - 
was  slender  and  of  average  height.     His  mother  was  fleshy  and  i 
height. 

The  Mother  had  at  50  the  formula   165  64  inches;  build  2.8  but 

averaged  usually  from  120  to  128  pounds.    She  had  ible 

father,  an  invalid  and  sufferer   from  tuberculosis,  rheumatism,  oeuraJj    I 


132 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


heart  trouble,  and  dropsy,  had  the  formula  120/68  inches;  build  1.8  (26). 
His  weight  varied  from  102  to  120  pounds;  very  slender.  Her  mother,  who 
had  a  goiter  of  which  she  was  cured,  and  quinsy,  had  the  formula  140/56 
inches;  build  3.1  (45).  The  mother's  father's  father  had  the  formula 
180/73.5  inches;  build  2.3  (33).  His  weight  varied  from  180  to  200  pounds. 
He  was  muscular,  not  fat.  The  Mother's  father's  mother  was  always  thin 
and  had  the  formula  115/65  inches;  build  1.9  (27).  She  had  liver  trouble 
and  cancer  of  the  face.  The  Mother's  mother's  father  had  cancer  of  the 
face  and  underwent  an  operation  for  it.  His  formula  was  125/65  inches; 
build  2.1  (30).  The  Mother's  mother's  mother  had  at  70  years  the  formula 
160/67  inches;  build  2.5  (36).  She  grew  heavier  in  middle  age.  The 
children  are: 

1.  Male,  liable  to  tuberculosis,  has  at  24  years  the  formula  134/67.5 
inches;  build  2.1  (30). 

2.  Male,  has  weak  lungs;  has  at  22  years  the  formula  170/67.5  inches; 
build  2.6  (37). 

3.  Male,  has  at  18  years  the  formula  126/68  inches;  build  1.9  (27). 
Comment. — The  children  show  the  usual  variability  that  arises  from  this 

type  of  mating  (D  :  Wat.). 

Mating  2.  Fleshy  x  Heterozygous  Fleshy  Parents. 

This  includes  matings  between  a  heterozygous  parent  of  fleshy 
build  and  a  very  fleshy  (or  fleshy)  parent  of  fleshy  stock;  a  back-cross 
to  the  more  nearly  dominant  type. 

The  matings  of  this  type  are  as  shown  in  table  33. 


Table  33 

. — Matings  between  a  probably  homozygous  fleshy  and  a  heterozygous  fleshy 
-parent,  together  with  the  progeny  of  this  back-cross. 

Ref. 

Parentage. 

Offspring. 

FF 

FM 

F 

Father's 
eibs. 

MF 

MM 

M 

Mother's 
sibs. 

VS 

s 

M 

F 

VF 

Hud 

Jon  lie. .  . 

Pal 

Rec  (a). .  . 
Rec  (b) . . . 
Rid 

28 

29 

F 

S 

F 

46 
49 
M 

s" 

F 

31 
M 

45 
39 
43 
40 
40F 
56 
VF 
F 
46 

38 
37 

35 
42 

40 

39 

40 
100 

57 
49± 

48 

34 

37 

1 
1 
2 
1 

1 

8 

2 

2 
1 
1 
3 
1 
3 
3 
3 
2 

1VF.3F.5M.. 
IS,  3F,  1VF... 

2F,  4M 

2F 

2F,  IS 

F 

S 

M 

33 

M 

VF 

33 
M 

2VF,  2F,  1M.. 

4F,  2M 

1 
1 

3 
6 

3 
3 

4 

Smi 

The  1  ... . 

Wen 

Total. . 

VF 
30 
46 

IF 

1F.4S 

2S,  1M..  . 

2F 

2 
3.6 

14 
25.0 

21 
37.5 

19 

33.9 

Propor- 
tions. .  . 

A  =  40.48  ±  0.57 


S.  D.  6.36  ±  0.41. 


These  9  matings  yielded  56  children,  with  the  following  percentage 
distribution:  4  S,  25  M,  37  F,  34  VF.  The  6-zygotic-factor 
mating  5X3  (both  possibilities)  gives  a  percentage  distribution  of 
3  S,  25  M,  43  F,  28  VF,  which  approximates  that  found. 


THK    HACK    (  !«»>>. 


133 


- 


— 

a 
— 


c 


i        : 


Attention  is  called  to  the  distribution  of  offspring  in  the  Pal,  I 
Smi,  and  Wen  families.     In  these  families  the 
children  are  of  two  extreme  types;  intermedial 

are  absent.  The  result  may  be  due  merely  to 
small  numbers,  but  it  suggests  the  presence  of 
two  sorts  of  gametes  in  the  heterozygous  parent 

and  hence  a  tendency  to  segregation  in  the 
offspring. 

Hud  Family.     (Fig.  45.) 

The  Father's  (II  7)  build  is  3.2  (45)  ;  very  fleshy; 
his  father's  (I  1)  was  2.0  (28)  and  his  mother's  3.2 
(46).  Thus  the  Father  is  heterozygous.  The  Mother's 
(II  8)  build  is  2.8  (40).  Her  father's  build  was  2.7 
(38),  fleshy;  and  her  mother's  2.5  (35);  medium 
fleshy.  The  Mother's  7  sibs  have  builds  ranging 
between  2.5  (35)  and  3.2  (46);  principally  fleshy  to 
very  fleshy.  So  this  may  be  regarded  as  a  back-cross 
of  a  heterozygous  parent  with  a  fleshy  one  of  fleshy 
stock.  Of  the  4  children,  1  is  medium-fleshy  1 1 1 1  11) 
with  a  build  of  2.5  (36),  1  is  fleshy  (III  10)  2.7  (38). 
and  two  very  fleshy;  build  3.2  (45)  ;  thus  the  build 
of  the  offspring  is  varied,  but  prevailing  very  fleshy. 

Jon-11c  Family.     (Fig.  46.) 

A  family  of  Welsh  extraction  living  chiefly  in  New- 
York  State  and  Ohio.  The  Father  (II  101 ,  a  farmer, 
suffered  in  middle  age  from  ''rupture,"  and  died  a1 
88  years  from  "old  age,"  having  the  formula  150/62 
inches;  build  2.7  (39).    Of  his  9  sibs: 

1.  Brother,  died  at  70  years  from  "dissipation."' 
having  the  formula  175/68.5  inches;  build  2.6  (36). 

2.  Brother,  who  died  at  53  years  from  "inflamma- 
tion of  kidneys  and  dyspepsia,"  had  the  formula 
125/63  inches;  build  2.2  (31). 

3.  Sister,  who  died  at  68  years  from  Bright 's  dis- 
ease, 140/57  inches;  build  3.0  (43). 

4.  Sister,  who  died  at  74  years  from  "flux,"  150/58 
inches;  build  3.1  (44). 

5.  Sister,  who  died  at  75  years  from  Bright'-  dis- 
ease, 120/59  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

6.  Sister,  who  died  at  60  years  from  Blight's  dis- 
ease, 118/59.5  inches;  build  2.3  (33). 

7.  Sister,  who  died  at   73  years,   135/64   inch- 
build  2.3  (33). 

8.  Brother,  who  died  from  typhoid  fever  at  1 1 
years,  175/68  inches;  build  2.7  (38). 

9.  Brother,  150/62  inches;  build  2.7  (39). 
Their  father,  a  farmer,  suffered  in  middle  age  from 

"hernia";  died  of  heart  trouble  at  (>.">  vears.  having 
the  formula  120/64.5  inches;  build  2.0  (29).     Their 


— 
* 


- 
I 


-0? 


134 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


mother  died  at  77  years  from  pneumonia,  having  the  formula  160/57  inches; 
build  3.5  (49). 

The  Mother  suffered  from  "nervousness"  before  marriage,  then  not 
troubled  with  it  again  till  menopause.  She  died  of  "heart  trouble,  dropsy, 
paralysis,  and  nervousness"  at  80  vears,  having  the  formula  150/62  inches; 
build'2.7  (39).    Of  her  8  sibs: 

1.  Brother,  who  died  from  "congestive  chill,"  was  67  inches  in  height. 

2.  Brother,  who  died  at  56  years  from  "old  age,"  180/71  inches;  build 

2.5  (36). 

3.  Brother,  who  died  at  81  years  from  "poor  circulation"  and  stomach 
trouble,  had  the  formula  170/71  inches;  build  2.4  (34). 

4.  Brother,  who  died  from  pneumonia  at  45  years,  180/70  inches;  build 

2.6  (37). 

5.  Brother,  who  died  from  "kidney  trouble"  at  40  years,  170/70  inches; 
build  2.4  (35). 

6.  Brother,  who  died  at  57  years  from  "abscess  on  liver,"  160/69  inches; 
build  2.4  (34). 

7.  Sister,  who  died  at  25  years  from  "child-birth." 


I 


m 


q& 


I      12      13      14     15      16      17     18      19 


Hi  44 


Fig.  46. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build  in  the  Jox-llc  family. 


8.  Sister,  who  died  at  72  vears  from  "overdose  of  medicine,"  165/67 
inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

Their  father,  a  farmer  and  cabinet-maker  all  his  life,  died  at  83  years 
from  paralysis,  having  the  formula  200/74  inches;  build  2.6  (37).  Their 
mother,  who  in  middle  age  suffered  from  dropsy  and  palsy,  died  at  83 
years  from  "old  age."     Her  formula  was  160/62  inches;  build  2.9    (42). 

The  10  children: 

1.  Male,  a  farmer,  recorded  as  always  well,  has  at  66  vears  the  formula 
165/67  inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

2.  Female,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  "ague,  flux,  erysipelas,  cholera 
morbus,"  has  at  65  years  the  formula  130/59  inches;  build  2.6  (37). 

3.  Female,  who  in  vouth  suffered  from  asthma,  has  at  63  years  the 
formula  150/61  inches;  build  2.8  (40). 

4.  Male,  a  lawyer,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  scarlet  fever,  and  middle 
age  from  "acquired  neurasthenia,"  has  at  59  years  the  formula  190/70 
inches;  build  2.7  (39). 

5.  Female,  a  school-teacher,  who  died  at  20  years  from  typhoid  fever, 
had  the  formula  120/61  inches;  build  2.3  (32) ;  adjusted  to  55  years,  139/61 
inches;  build  2.6   (37). 

6.  Female,  who  suffered  in  youth  from  scarlet  fever  and  in  middle  age 
from  typhoid  and  kidney  trouble,  has  always  been  "nervous,"  has  at  55 
years  the  formula  150/61  inches;  build  2.8  (40). 


THE  BACK    (  i;< 

7.  Male,  a  farmer  and  "shopman,"  who  in  youth  Buffered  from   ! 
disease,  has  at  53  years  the  formula  170  67.5  inches;  build  2.1 

8.  Female,  who  at    17  years  had   fever,  losl   her  mind    hat 
since— "gradual  mental  deterioration."     hi  51  yeai 
170/62  inches;  build  3.1   (44). 

9.  Female,  who  in  youth  suffered  from  "thrush,"  and  in  middle  life  from 
malarial    fever   and   gradual    mental    deterioration,    has    at    51 

formula  116/57.5  inches;  build  2.4  (35). 

10.  Female,   who   at   48   years    has   the    formula    165  63    inches;    build 
2.9  (42). 

Comment. — This  is  an  extraordinarily  valuable  pedigree  furnished  bj 
member  of  the  family  who  has  taken  great   pain-  with  the  record 
parents  are  of  middle-fleshy  build   (39).     The   Father's   fraternity   b1 
sibs:  5  medium,  4  fleshy,  and  1  very  fleshy.    This  i-  associated  with  -•  mi- 
dwarfishness,  one  of  the  sisters  being  only  57  inches  in  Btature  and  <»ii 
the  brothers  only  63  inches.    One  of  tin  ir  pan  nt%  is  si,  i,,l<  r;  om  obi  ■• 
Mother's  fraternity  comprises  4  persons  of  medium  build  and  :{  Btout.    Their 
parents  are  both  fleshy.     The  "children"  are  remarkably  uniform.     S 
they  all,  except  one,  reached  the  parental  age,  no  "adjustment"  is  n<  c<  jsary; 
they  can  be  compared  directly.    One  is  of  medium  build.  8  are  -tout 
their  parents   (including  the  adjusted  age  of  the  girl  who  died  at  20),  and 

1  is  just  over  the  line  of  being  very  stout  ill),  like  her  paternal  aunt  and 
a  little  less  than  her  Father's  mother.  Here  the  obesity  ha-  -kipped  a 
generation  in  the  direct  line,  possibly  because  the  Father  was  phenotypically 
reduced  in  build,  perhaps  because  of  his  advanced  a<_r<'  (88).  Thi-  circum- 
stance offers,  however,  no  theoretical  difficulty.  The  uniformity  of  I  • 
progeny  favors  the  hypothesis  that  in  this  family  there  are  only  ' 
independent  factors  for  fleshy  build  (R:  Jon-lln. 

Pal  Family.     (Fig.  25. 1 

A  family  living  in  a  small  town  in  good  circumstances.     Ill   0       ,  a 
farmer,  who  at  67  years  is  173  cm.  (68  inches)  tall,  weighs  around  90  kn. 
or  200  pounds;  build  3.0  (43);  fleshy;  net  relative  chest-girth   120 
or  71  per  cent.     This  near-obese  man  was  slender  as  a  buy  and  b<  . 
grow  fleshy  at  30  years  of  age.    There  are  5  others  in  his  fraternity:    *  1  •   III 
7  $  ,  a  physician,  at  71  years  is  178  cm.  (70  inches!  tall,  weigl 
(200  pounds);  build  2.9  (41);  fleshy;  relative  chest-girth  Llfl       178    i 
per  cent.    He  is  doubtless  heterozygous  for  build.  Bince,  by  a  b!<  rider  v 
he  has  2  fleshy  and  2  slender  children.     (2)  III  8   9  .  married,  at  69 
has  stature  157  cm.   (62  pounds);  weight  75  kg.   (155  pounds);  build  2.8 
(40);  fleshy;  relative  chest-girth  107-^157,  or  68  per  cent.     By  a  mai 
medium  build  she  has  1  fleshy,  1  medium,  and  A  -lender  children."  IN 

11   6  .  at  65  years  has  a  stature  of  175  cm.  '<i'.>  inches) :  weight  61  k| 
pounds);  build  2.0  (28);  slender.     <4i  IN  5    -  .  at  62  v.  tun    178 

(70  inches);  weight  95  kg.  (210  pounds)  ;  build  3.0  (43)  :  fl<  Bhy.     II      I   la 
tive  chest-girth  117-^-178,  or  66  per  cent.     A-  a  boy  be  was  of  medium 
build;  at  about  30  years,  like  III  7,  he  began  to  grow  fleshy,  and  is  now 
dieting  for  diabetes  (?).    By  a  fleshy  wife,  whose  Bibs  vary  in  build, 

2  fleshy  children  and  1  of  medium' build.     (5)    IN    12,  at 

stature  of  168  cm.  (66  inches)  and  weight  of  102  leg.   (224  pounds);  build 
3.6  (52);  very  fleshy.     By  a  husband  of  medium  build  shi 
and  1  medium  child.* 

*  Not  shown  in  figure  L'">. 


136 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


The  father  (II  5)  of  this  fraternity,  who  died  at  87  years  of  cancer  of 
the  face,  was  fleshy.  He  had  5  brothers,  all  of  whom  lived  to  be  over  80 
years  of  age  and  who  all,  save  1,  weighed  over  90  kg.  (200  pounds).  The 
mother  (II  6)  of  the  man's  fraternity  died  at  64  of  pneumonia;  she  was  of 
medium  build,  and  her  4  sibs  were  of  medium  build.  Thus  all  her  children 
were  probably  somewhat  heterozygous,  including  III  9,  the  father  of  3. 

Ill  10,  the  wife  of  III  9,  is  178  cm.  tall  and  weighs  over  90  kg.;  build  2.8 
(40+)  ;  fleshy. 

Of  the  3  children:  (1)  IV  7  $  at  44  is  of  medium  build.  By  a  slender 
wife  he  had  a  daughter  who  at  22  years  has  a  build  2.4  (34) ;  medium  build. 
(2)  IV  10  9  ,  at  42  years,  has  a  stature  of  163  cm.  (64  inches)  and  weight 
of  over  115  kg.  (250+  pounds);  build  4.3  (61+);  obese.  She  married  a 
slender  man,  and  1  of  their  9  children,  at  19  years,  weighs  over  90  kg.  (200 
pounds).  (3)  IV  11  $  is  a  medium  weight;  he  married  a  slender  woman 
and  has  4  children  who  are  of  medium  build. 

Comment. — A  fleshy  Father,  who  is  heterozygous  for  build,  and  his  fleshy 
wife  (of  unknown  gametic  composition)  have  1  obese  child  and  2  children 
of  medium  build  (73  :  704). 

Rec  Family,  A.     (Fig.  47.) 

II  5  S  died  at  84  years  of  "heart  disease."  His  stature  was  188  cm. 
(74  inches)  and  weight  100  kg.  (220  pounds) ;  build  2.8  (40)  ;  fleshy.  He 
had  a  fleshy  brother  and  sis- 


ter. Their  father  was  a  slen- 
der man,  but  nothing  is  known 
about  their  mother.  II  5 
married  II  6,  who  died  at  58 
years  of  bronchial  pneumonia. 
Her  formula,  360/60  inches; 
build  of  7.0  (100) ;  very  obese. 
She  has  1  very  fleshy  and  1 
fleshy  sister  and  a  slender 
brother. 

This  fleshy  pair  had  6  off- 
spring, as  follows:  (1)  III 
2  $  (plate  9,  fig.  2),  build  4.0 
(57),  relative  chest-girth,  90 
per  cent.  She  is  the  obese 
mother  (by  a  fleshy,  2.8  (40) , 
consort)     of    a    slightly    less 


I 


HtQ 


M2J^r^^ 


m 


E 


Fig  47. 


m. 


■TItF 


-Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build 
in  Rec  family. 


obese  daughter,  of  build  3.7  (53)  (plate  9,  fig.  3).  (2)  III  3  $  ,  170  cm. 
(67  inches)  tall,  and  weighing  91  kg.  (200  pounds)  ;  build  3.1  (45)  ;  very 
fleshy.  He  is  now  at  a  State  institution  and  weighs  some  20  or  30  pounds 
less.  (3)  III  4  $  ,  build  about  2.4  (34) ;  medium.  (4)  III  5  $  ,  very  fleshy. 
(5)  III  6  $  ,  about  183  cm.  (72  inches)  tall,  weighs  over  90  kg.  (200 
pounds) ;  has  very  large  shoulders  and  abdomen;  build,  say,  2.8  (40).  (6) 
III  8  9  ,  at  36  years  has  a  stature  of  168  cm.  (66  inches)  and  weight  of 
71  kg.  (157  pounds)  ;  build  2.7  (38) ;  fleshy.  Her  relative  chest-girth  is  52 
per  cent.  She  married  a  man  of  build  3.4  (48)  and  has  3  sons — 2  slender 
and  1  fleshy. 

Comment. — The  parents  II  5  and  II  6  were  probably  heterozygous,  so 
that  they  produced  1  in  6  of  medium  build.  Also,  their  children  are  mostly 
heterozygous.    Of  8  grandchildren,  2  are  slender,  2  are  stout  (73  :  714). 


THE   BACK    CROSS. 


137 


Rec  Family,  B.      (Fig.  47.) 

Ill  1   6  ,  fleshy,  with  a  fleshy  father  and  Blender  mother,  married  to  III 
2  9   (plate  9,  fig.  2i,  who  at  53  yean  baa  a  stature  ol  150  cm    (59 
and  weight  of  much  over  90  kg.  (200  pounds)  ;  build   I  <t  157 1  .  ol><   •       Her 
relative  chest-girth  is  135-:-  150,  or  90  per  cent ;  extraordinarily  i 
16,  when  married,  she  weighed  110  pounds;  build  2.2  (32);m<  lium    I 
4  sibs  and  both  parents  are  exceedingly  obese  (her  mother  weigl     ; 
[360  pounds  |   and  has  a  build  of  7.0  |  100]  ►. 

The  foregoing  pair  had  5  children,   I  of  whom  du-d  young       I 
IV  2    $  ,  at  36  years  has  a  stature  of  168  cm.   (66  inches)   ami  weight 
104  kg.  (229  pounds) ;  build  3.7  (53);  very  fleshy.    Ber  relative  ch<  st-girth 
is  130^-168,  or  77  per  cent.    She  had  at  her  marriage,  wh<  □  23     ■  ars  old 
(to  a  slender  man),  a  build  of  2.3  (33),  medium  grade.    After  marri 
increased  rapidly  in  weight,  menstruation  became  Bcant,  -he  lost  tl 
instinct,  and  is  barren  (plate  7,  fig.  3). 

Comment. — A   tendency   to   extreme   obesity    run-    m    four    gent  I 
This  is  apparently  of  the  adiposo-genitalis  type,  with  Bterility  in  the  L 
generation.     Obvious  dominant  factors  are  at  work  here   i  73  :  714  i. 

Rid  Family.     (Fig.  48.) 

II  2  <5  died  at  54  years;  short  and  weighed  110  kg.  (210  pounds)  ;  build, 
say,  3.9  (56) ;  very  fleshy.    A  brother  who  died  at  52  of  apoplexy  was  fleshy, 
married  a  fleshy  woman,  and  had  a  fleshy  son.    The  mother  of  this  frater- 
nity was  fleshy;  about  her  consort's  build  nothing  is  known,  but  he  ha 
fleshy  sister  (II). 


2      3      4        5        6        7 


6      7  — 8      9       10      II 


□trO,    *rO, 


cwmd 


17      18      19     20     :i 


13 


3       4 


Fig.  48. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  <>f  bufld  i"  'I'-   Kn>  family. 

II  3  9  ,  wife  of  II  2.  died  of  senility  at  89;  she  weighed  over  9 
pounds).     She  had  7  sibs:    Hi    II   4    ?    died  of  epilepsy,  was  ol   medium 
weight,  married,  and  had  5  children.  A  of  medium   weight   and    1   Be 
(2)   II  5    9    of  unknown  build.     I  Mi    9    of  medium  weij 
slender.    II  7  $  weighed  over  90  kg.  (200  pounds)  ;  build,  sa: 
fleshy.    118  S  weighed  over  90  kg.;  fleshy.    119   i  also  fte        ike 
brothers.     II   10  unknown.     Thus  of  this   fraternity  of  6  known   p 


138  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

4  are  fleshy,  2  medium.    Their  father  was  slender;  their  mother  "short  and 
plump." 

There  are  7  offspring  from  this  mating  between  II  2  and  3:  (1)  III  1  9  , 
at  66  years,  is  bedridden  from  a  broken  hip;  tall,  weight  77  kg.  (170 
pounds)  ;  chest-girth  108  cm.  (42  inches) ;  build,  say,  2.8  (40)  ;  fleshy;  she 
was  fleshy  as  a  child  of  10  years.  (2)  III  2  $  ,  died  at  60  of  paralysis,  was 
always  slender.  (3)  III  3  $  ,  at  62  years,  is  tall  (say,  71  inches)  and 
weighs  97.5  kg.  (235  pounds)  ;  build  3.3  (47) ;  very  fleshy.  (4)  III  4  9  ,  at 
56  years  has  the  formula  91  kg.  (200  pounds)  ;  161  cm.  (63.5  inches)  ;  build 
3.4  (49) ;  very  fleshy;  relative  chest-girth  74  per  cent.  She  was  fleshy  from 
the  age  of  16  years.  (5)  III  5  9  ,  at  51  vears,  is  very  fleshy;  was  a  slender 
child.  (6)  III  6  $  is  fleshy.  (7)  III  8  9  ,  at  35  years  weighed  86  kg.  (190 
pounds),  but  now  at  50  she  is  a  helpless  invalid  and  has  grown  slender;  she 
was  somewhat  slender  as  a  girl.  Thus  the  offspring  are  3  very  fleshy,  2 
fleshy,  1  always  slender,  and  1  formerly  fleshv  but  reduced  by  illness 
(73:  727). 

Smi  Family.     (Fig.  26.) 

I  1  6  died  at  72  years  of  acute  indigestion;  said  to  have  been  very  fleshy, 
like  his  father.  His  wife,  12$,  died  at  68  years  of  paralysis.  She  was 
less  than  155  cm.  (61  inches)  tall  and  weighed  82  kg.  (180  pounds) ;  build 
3.4  (48)  ;  very  fleshy.  She  had  3  sibs,  of  whom  it  is  known  that  1  was  fleshy; 
the  other  2  unknown.  Her  father  was  of  medium  build  and  had  3  children 
by  an  earlier  marriage,  and  of  these  2  were  slender  and  1  fleshy.  There 
were  7  children  from  I  1  and  2.  (1)  II  1,  a  man  who  died  at  69  of  pneu- 
monia and  diabetes  and  whose  stature  is  173  cm.  (68  inches)  and  weight 
about  95  kg.  (210  pounds) ;  build  3.2  (45).  (2)  II  3  $  at  75  years  is  155 
cm.  (61  inches)  tall  and  weighs  82  kg.  (180  pounds) ;  build  3.4  (48).  By  a 
stout  consort  she  has  2  stout  and  4  slender  children.  (3)  II  9  9  ,  married, 
at  74  years  is  163  cm.  (64  inches)  tall  and  weighs  49  kg.  (107  pounds) ; 
build  1.8  (26) ;  slender.  By  a  slender  husband  she  had  one  slender  daughter, 
build  1.9  (27),  a  slender  son.  and  2  other  children  who  died  young.  (4)  II 
5  9  ,  fleshy.  (5)  II  6  9  ,  fleshy.  (6)  II  7  9  said  to  be  157  cm.  (62  inches) 
tall  and  to  weigh  82  kg.  (180  pounds) ;  build  3.3  (47) ;  very  fleshy.  (7)  II 
4  $  ,  at  55  years,  fleshy.  By  a  medium  wife  he  had  a  son  who  at  26  years 
weighs  77  kg.  (170  pounds)  and  was  fleshy  as  a  growing  boy.  Of  the  7 
children,  1  is  slender,  3  are  fleshy,  and  3  very  fleshy  (73  :  736). 

Thr-1  Family.     (Fig.  33.) 

A  family  of  English  and  French  stock  living  in  the  middle  western  States. 
The  Father  (II  8),  whose  occupation  has  been  very  shifting,  who  suffered 
from  "weak  lungs"  at  35  years,  and  who  died  at  81  years,  had  in  middle 
life  the  formula  140/72  inches;  build  1.9  (27).  But  in  answer  to  special 
inquiry  it  appears  that  he  "took  on  flesh"  in  later  years.  He  has  to  be 
recorded  as  fleshy.  Of  his  3  sisters,  two  are  slender  (both  with  cardiac 
hypertrophy),  and  1  is  of  fleshy  build.  The  fat  sister  had  2  daughters  who 
weighed  over  225  pounds  each.  His  2  brothers  are  slender.  His  father 
(II),  a  blacksmith,  died  at  90  years,  having  the  formula  150/71  inches; 
build  2.1  (30).  His  mother,  always  well,  died  at  68  years,  having  the 
formula  130/65  inches;  build  2.2  (31);  medium.  This  side  of  the  house 
carries  both  fleshy  and  slender  strains,  some  of  the  slender  individuals  being 
so,  probably,  through  disease.  Apparently  the  Father  is  heterozygous  for 
fleshiness,  perhaps  one  reason  why  he  became  fleshy  late  in  life. 

The  Mother  (II  9)  suffered  from  arthritis  deformans  and  died  at  79  years. 


THE  BACK    CROSS. 

Her  formula  was  135/63  inches;  lmild  2.1  (34).    Two  of  her  si 

and  one  of  medium  build.     Her  father   il  3),  who  Buffered  from  arthi 

deformans,  was  confined  to  his  chair  from  rheumatism  the  Last  15 

died  at  72  years,  having  the  formula  160/70  inches,  buil  Her 

mother,  who  died  at  50  years,  had  the  formula  140  65  inches ;  buil     I 

She  had  a  sister   (I  5)   who  weighed  about   250  pounds,  "an  enormous 

woman."    This  side  of  the  house  is  of  prevailingly  medium  build  but 

a  tendency  to  obesity  in  one  line.    The  children  are  10  in  number: 

1.  Male  (III  3),  a  clerk,  has  at  6G  years  the  formula   150  60  inch 
build  2.2  (32). 

2.  Male  (III  4),  a  physician,  who  has  always  had  a  rheumatic  tend-  • 
and  is  liable  to  sciatic  neuritis,  at  25  years  had  I  rmula   180  68.75 
inches;  build  2.7  (38).    He  is  the  Father  of  Thr-2  family,  pagi   7'' 

3.  Male  (III  6),  a  preacher,  has  at  09  year-  the  formula   170  68  il 
build  2.0  (37).    He  has  a  daughter  with  a  build  of  about  ;;  2  !  15). 

4.  Male  (III  7),  a  physician,  who  in  middle  life  suffered  from  inflamma- 
tory rheumatism,  has  at  59  years  the  formula  170/08  inches;  build  2.6  '• 

5.  Female  (III  8) .  who  died  at  34  years  from  appendicitis,  has  the  formula 
225/07  inches;  build  3.5  (50).  She  was  "a  big  overgrown  woman  in  her  t-  -  as  " 

0.  Female   (III  9),  married,  who  has  a  rheumatic  tendency,  i 
years  the  formula  190/04  inches;  build  3.3  (40). 

7.  Female  (III  11),  married,  who  has  9  children,  suffered  in  middle  a<_re  from 
rheumatism.     At  53  years  her  formula  was  225/07  inches;  build 

8.  Male,  a  merchant,  well,  has  at  51  years  the  formula   155  67  inch 
build  2.4  (35). 

9.  Male,  a  merchant,  well,  has  at  49  vears  the  formula  K'.."i     * 
build  2.5  (35). 

10.  Male  (III  14),  a  doctor  and  dentist,  has  at   17  years  formul     180 
inches;  build  2.7  (39).    One  of  his  daughters  has  a  build  i^i  aboul  3  - 

Child  No.  2,  a  physician,  writes:  "Many  of  my  relative-,  botl   on  ] 
and   Mother's   side,   were   afflicted   with   so-called    muscular   rheun  itism 
(cousins,  uncles,  and  aunts),  pains  in  the  limb-;  ami  muscles   (not  in 
joints);  especially  those  of  robust  and  fleshy  build,  who  p<  1  extraor- 

dinary good  appetites  and  digestion,  who  liked  good  things  '"  eai  and  n 
of  it;  the  women  being  good  cooks  and  the  men  generally  marrying  '.rood 
cooks,  they  always  had  plenty  to  eat  (rich  food)   and  I  '  of 

them  are  users  of  alcohol,  simply  being  extra-heart  iK  ;  Thr   1  | 

Wen  Family.     (Fig.  49.) 

IV   10  is  the   Father;   his   formula   is   200  74   inches;   build    ! 
very  fleshy.    His  father  (III  10)  had  the  formula  245  7::  incl  i  -:  build 
(40);   very  fleshy.     This   father  had   a   brother   of  just    his    build    (v. 
eventually  died  of  tuberculosis)    and  a  brother  of  formul     25     71.  build 
3.0    (43);   fleshy.     The   Father's   father's    father    ill    .".  ■    had    I  rmula 

200/70,  build  2.9  (41) ;  fleshy;  one  of  his  brothers  was  fl<  -  y  (38),  and  i 
very  fleshy,  build  3.2  (45).    The  latter  had  a  very  fleshy  son.    The  Fath- 
father's  father's  father  had  a  build  of  2.9  (41)  and  a  brother 
build.    These  brothers  of  Gen.  I  were  products  of  a  first-cousin  mania 
The  Father's  father's  mother  was  a  woman  whose  formula  was  200  I  - 
inches;  build  3.0  (43);  fleshy.    Hence  I  father  and  hi-  broil 

both  of  build  3.2  (40),  got  the  fleshy  tendency  from  both  Bid  DOUSC 

The  Father's  mother  was  a  second  cousin  of  the  Father's  fat  ad  her 

line  also   contained  many   fleshy   representative-,   but    she   herself  was 


140 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


medium  build.    Thus  the  Father  belongs  to  a  fleshy  strain,  but  he  probably 
carries  some  non-fleshy  gametes. 

IV  11  is  the  Mother;  her  formula  is  160/65.5  inches;  build  2.6  (37); 
fleshy;  she  has  2  sibs,  both  fleshy;  her  parents  are  of  medium  build;  they 
have  some  slender  grandchildren. 

There  are  8  children,  V  3  to  12,  whose  sex  and  indices  of  build  are  as 
follows:  $  3.6  (51),  9  3.1  (44),  2  $  $  2.5  (35),  3  9  9  2.3  (32), 
9    2.2   (31).     Thus  2  are  very  fleshy  and  6  are  of  medium  build.     The 


Fig.  49. — Pedigree  chart  showing  distribution  of  build  in  the  Wen  family.  (Gen  I  1  should  be 

square  ruled,  indicating  fleshiness). 

interval  between  the  two  groups  is  a  wide  one,  indicating  a  clear  genetic 
difference  between  them.  The  very  fleshy  brother,  who  weighs  265  pounds, 
was  able  to  reduce  about  60  pounds  to  be  accepted  for  army  service,  but 
since  being  discharged  from  the  army  he  has  rebounded  to  his  former 
weight.     (A  :  032-25.) 

Summary  and  Discussion. 

In  a  simple  monohybrid  with  complete  dominance  the  back-cross 
upon  the  recessive  gives  50  per  cent  of  the  heterozygous  dominant  and 
50  per  cent  of  the  recessive  allelomorph.  In  a  monohybrid  with 
imperfect  dominance  the  back-cross  upon  the  recessive  gives  50  per 


THE  BACK   CRO  \\\ 

cent  of  the  intermediate  and  50  per  cent  of  the  n         .<•.    Wh. a 
3  multiple  factors  are  present  and  lie'  heterozygote  is  Dearly  inti 
mediate  but  shows  a  slighl  tendency  toward  imperfect  dominai 

may  expect  an  approximation  to  a  symmetrica]  distribution  of 
about  the  intermediate  condition,  with  a  skewness  toward  the  !•• 
sive  condition.  That  is  what  is  got  in  both  parts  of  table  ::_'.  I 
result  supports  the  conclusion  that  there  is  segregation  in  the  garni 
of  the  heterozygous  parent,  so  that  the  progeny  tend  prevailingly 
fall  again  into  the  slender  and  medium-fleshy  grandparental 
The  results  of  table  33  similarly  support  the  conclusion  of  a  i  ion 

in  the  gametes  of  the  heterozygous  fleshy  parent. 


C.  GENERAL  DISCUSSION 

Heredity  and  Environ. mi  n  i    in    Hi  n.n. 

That   a   tendency   to  slenderness  or   fleshiness   of   build   "runs   in 

families"  and  characterizes  different   races  is  a   mat  tor  of  < unon 

observation.     But  this  fact  is  far  from  satisfying  the  clinician  that 
heredity  plays  any  part  in  this  result.     Thus,  von   Noorden,  who 
occupies  a  leading  position  among  Teutonic  investigators  of  metab- 
olism in  general  and  obesity  in  particular,  denies  the  importance  of  an 
hereditary  anomaly  of  metabolism  in  different   families  and  ia 
Rejecting  "anomaly  of  metabolism"  or  "peculiarity  of  protoplasmic 
metabolism,"  he  stresses  "inheritance"  of  habits  of  life  that    favor 
obesity,  the  quantity  and  quality  of  food,  and  the  ideals  of  bodily 
activity.      For    example,    the    Eskimo    are    fat    because    they 
blubber  and  huddle  in  narrow  spaces,  undergoing  little  movement 
throughout  the  long,  dark  winters.     It  is  true  that    von   Noorden 
speaks  somewhat  guardedly;   he  recognizes  exceptions;    - 
possible  hereditary  hypofunction  of  the  thyroid.     But  clearly  consti- 
tutional peculiarities  are,  for  him,  exceptional  as  causes  of   <> 
weight,  and  here  is  where  he  fails  to  recognize  sufficiently  tl. 
that  usually  only  particular  individuals  of  a  fraternity  ate  fleshy; 
the  others  may  be  slender. 

But   besides   anomalies   of   protoplasm   and    family    tradition- 
feeding,  there  are  obviously  other  possibilities.     It  is  well  known  that 
different  varieties  of  cattle  differ  greatly  in  their  capacity  for  fatten- 
ing.   Armsby  and  Fries  (1911)  have  inquired  into  tin-  influence 
type  upon  the  fattening  of  cattle.    They  used  a  pure-bred  Aberd< 
Angus  steer  and  a  "scrub,"  part  Jersey,  Bteer  for  comparison.     \- 
well  known,  the  former  belongs  to  the  easily  fattening  beef  ty] 
the  Jersey  to  the  difficultly  fattening  milk  type.     During 
years,  beginning  at  under  1  year  of  age,  these  steer-  were  un<:  ily 

continuous  observations.    They  were  fed  on  ordinary  growing  rati. 


142  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

the  same  for  each  steer.  The  digestibility  of  the  total  ration  was 
determined  at  intervals;  four  tests  were  made  of  each  animal  in  the 
respiration  calorimeter  to  determine  the  percentage  availability  of 
the  energy  of  the  feeds  consumed  by  each.  The  results  were  as  fol- 
lows: Analysis  of  feces  and  urine  failed  to  show  any  difference  in  per- 
centage digestibility  of  the  food  by  the  two  animals,  and  calorimeter 
tests  failed  to  show  any  difference  in  the  proportion  of  the  food- 
energy  which  was  being  metabolized.  But  the  two  animals  did  not 
metabolize  in  the  same  way.  Thus,  in  the  scrub,  a  larger  proportion  of 
the  gain  made  was  of  protein  than  in  the  case  of  the  beef  steer ;  and, 
conversely,  the  gain  of  the  beef  steer  was  more  largely  fat  than  in  the 
case  of  the  scrub.  Reduced  to  common  weight,  the  energy  require- 
ment for  maintenance  of  the  scrub  steer  was  nearly  19  per  cent 
greater  than  for  the  beef  steer.  Since  the  beef  steer  would  eat  more 
than  the  scrub  and  tended  to  store  fat  rather  than  protein,  the  greater 
tendency  of  the  beef  steer  to  fatten  received  a  biochemical  explana- 
tion. The  results  seem  to  show  a  difference  between  the  two  varieties 
in  the  working  over  of  the  assimilated  materials. 

Indeed,  it  is  easily  appreciated  that  steers  of  the  beef  and  dairy 
types  of  cattle  should  metabolize  differently  when  we  consider  the 
marked  difference  in  the  milk  production  of  the  cows  of  these  two 
types.  The  cow  of  the  highest  dairy  type  is  capable  of  manufacturing 
20  kilograms  of  milk  containing  1.2  kilograms  of  butter  fat  in  one 
day,  or  6  per  cent  (Bailey,  Encl.  Am.  Agric,  III,  365).  The  cow  of  the 
meat  type,  of  larger  size,  produces  up  to  30  kilograms  of  milk,  and 
this  contains,  perhaps,  1.3  kilograms  of  butter  fat  per  day,  or  only  4.3 
per  cent  (Sinclair,  1904,  p.  740-42).  There  is  here,  obviously,  a  differ- 
ence in  the  metabolic  processes  in  the  cows  and  this  is  reflected  in 
the  steers  also.*  There  is  an  internal  biochemical  difference  as  well 
as  a  difference  in  the  feeding  instinct.  The  latter  is  not  merely  a 
matter  of  family  tradition,  of  the  family  economics  or  mores;  it  is 
a  physiological  phenomenon  as  much  as  internal  metabolism. 

Indeed,  even  von  Noorden  (1907,  III,  p.  700)  seems  to  be  forced 
to  this  conclusion  by  cases  of  failure  to  reduce  weight  at  a  diet  far 
below  that  which  appears  to  be  essential  to  maintenance.  Thus  a 
man  of  39  years,  who  exercised  freely  in  the  open  air,  had  a  weight  of 
102  kg.  For  3  months  his  diet  never  exceeded  1,720  calories  (esti- 
mated at  1,000  calories  short  of  normal  requirements)  and  at  the  end 
of  this  period  he  weighed  101  kg. 

That  a  relation  between  ingested  food  and  activity  is  not  the 
entire  explanation  of  obesity  is  recognized  by  medical  men  of  experi- 
ence. Heckel  (1920,  p.  371),  referring  to  recurrent  obesity,  remarks 
on  its  frequency  and  says:  To  constitute  an  obesity  there  must  be 

•  I  am  indebted  to  Mrs.  C.  D.  Walcott  for  calling  my  attention  to  this  point. 


HEREDITY  AND  BNVIB0NM1NT.  143 

organic  and  hereditary  tendencies:  "Ne  devient  pas  obese  qui 
"Aussi    la    guerison    accident  elle    ou    therapeutique    dune    obeV 
n'indique-t-elle  pas  la  disparition  definitive  dee  tendanoei 

ou  congenitale." 
Gulick  (1922)  has  lately  undertaken  experiments  to  throw  light  on 

the  question  why  some  persons  fatten  easily  and  BOme  with  difficult 
He  had  noted  that  he  himself  belongs  to  n  con-fattening  strain  and 
that  his  inclination  toward  a  very  copious  diet   of  predominantly 
starchy  nature  did  not  lead  him  to  put  on  weight,  even  though  Ins 
round  of  activity  was  moderate.    So  he  undertook  biochemical,  nutri- 
tional studies  on  himself.    His  observation  covered  nearly  21  mont 
During  part  of  this  time  his  caloric  intake  was  low,  1,875  '<<  -'  7S0; 
during  another  part  high,  3,400  to  4,100.    He  found  that  he  fattened 
somewhat  during  the  period  of  heaviest  feeding.     There  was.  how- 
ever, always  an  excess  of  intake  over  predictable  need,  and  this 
increased   absolutely   and   probably   even   relatively    as    the    intake 
increased.    The  fecal  nitrogen  was  21/1>  to  3^  times  greater  during 
over-feeding    than    under-feeding.     The    basal    metabolism    dun 
maximum  feeding  was  normal.     Gulick  concludes  that  a  person 
longing  to  the  difficultly  fattening  type  shows  a  wasteful  rate  of  oxida- 
tion, whether  under  or  over  fed,  but  especially  at  the  latter  time.    "It 
seems  clear,"  concludes  Gulick,  "that  throughout  the  entire  experi- 
mental series  there  was  some  factor  at  work  which  caused  fuel  food 
to  be  burned  more  freely  than  in  the  average  individual.    This  factor 
was  not  an  over-active  thyroid,  as  attested  by  the  entirely  normal 
basal  metabolism."    Gulick  concludes  that  it  was  "some  factor  in  the 
chemistry  of  nutrition"  which  caused  extravagance.     This  he  thinks 
may  very  possibly  be  comparable  to  the  "secondary  effect"  ol  protein 
enrichment,    which,    according    to    Rubner,    can    raise    the    specific 
dynamic  action  of  the  food  without  raising  the  basal  rate.     It 
possible,  he  says,  that  the  spare  type  may  be  accounted  for  by  any 
factor  that  produces  a  high  "cost  of  digestion,"  just  as  the  i 
be  supposed  to  suffer  from  an  abnormally  low  "cost  iA  digestion"  I  von 
Noorden). 

Whatever  the  fundamental  cause  may  be,  the  fact  remains  that  in 
certain  families  there  is  a  widespread  inclination  to  the  production  ^i 
slender  individuals,  while  in   other   fraternities   certain   proporti 
(though  usually  not  all)  of  any  fraternity  are  fleshy  or  even 
Perhaps,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Jersey  as  contrasted  with  the  I 
the  two  kinds  of  individuals  do  not  metabolise  their  food  in  the  same 
way;  some  are  spare  and  muscular,  others  lay  on  fat.     In  any  case  Wt 
can  not  disregard  the  constitutional  factors  in  build. 

Looking  at  the  matter  broadly,  we  can  see  that   no  other  tic 
than  that  constitutional  differences  as  well  a-  nutritional  differei 


144  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

determine  build  is  sufficient  to  meet  all  the  facts.  In  other  species  of 
animals  we  have  precisely  the  same  kind  of  differences  between 
hereditary  strains  of  slender  and  stout  build  that  we  have  among 
humans.  Thus,  among  dogs,  the  slender  greyhound  or  Dachshund 
and  the  robust  "Chow";  among  horses  the  Thoroughbred  and  the 
stocky  Percheron;  among  swine  the  "razor-back"  and  the  Berkshire; 
among  poultry  the  slender  Leghorn  and  the  stocky  Cochin.  Slender 
and  stocky  as  racial  traits  appear  quite  as  white  and  black  do  and 
they  doubtless  have  similarly  a  genetic  basis. 

A  careful  study  of  the  families  described  in  this  paper  must  con- 
vince anyone,  it  seems  to  me,  of  the  importance  of  the  genetic  factors. 
The  Fun.  family  is  of  a  wholly  different  type  from  the  Thr-1  family. 
Even  if  the  latter  eat  more,  it  is  because  of  a  constitutional  urge  like  the 
constitutional  urge  that  leads  the  Aberdeen-Angus  steer  to  eat  more 
than  the  Jersey  steer.  Very  probably  the  Fun.  family  metabolizes  in  a 
different  way  from  the  Thr-1  family,  building  more  protein  and  less  fat. 

In  other  cases  it  is  not  the  whole  fraternity  that  is  fleshy  or  slender. 
This  is  well  illustrated  by  the  Wen.  family,  where  2  of  8  of  the  main 
fraternity  are  very  fleshy  and  all  the  others  of  medium  build.  We 
have  here  to  do  not  merely  with  a  family  habit  of  eating,  but  a  dif- 
ferential constitution  that  provides  one-quarter  of  the  children  with 
a  large  appetite  that  leads  them  to  eat  heavily  and  manufacture  fat 
and  provides  three-quarters  of  them  with  a  small  appetite  that  leads 
them  to  eat  lightly  and  to  manufacture  protein  instead  of  fat.  Con- 
stitutional differences  in  the  appetite  and  method  of  metabolism  are 
the  essential  factors;  and  these  are  the  things  that  are  inherited.  Only 
on  such  an  hypothesis  can  we  account  for  the  clear  evidence  presented 
of  constitutional  factors  in  build — not  always  one  only,  but  sometimes 
three  or  more  acting  together  to  produce  the  end  result  of  obesity. 

A  scientific  man,  interested  in  nutrition,  who  has  a  build  of  3.6  (51) 
himself  and  one  of  whose  sisters  has  a  build  of  3.1  (44),  whereas  his 
4  other  sibs  have  builds  of  2.5  to  2.1  (35  to  30),  writes  that  his  brother 
(of  medium  build,  but  about  75  inches  tall)  consumes  daily  about 
2,700  calories;  he  himself  and  his  fleshy  sister  about  2,500,  and  the 
others  of  his  fraternity,  who  are  of  medium  build,  2,000  to  1,800.  He 
is  a  professional  man,  who  does  a  good  deal  of  office  or  laboratory 
work.  He  drinks  about  3  to  4  quarts  of  water  per  day.  His  son,  who 
is  nearly  11  years  of  age,  weighs  just  over  120  pounds,  is  63  inches  tall, 
and  fairly  fleshy.  Though  he  is  active,  "never  still  a  minute,"  yet  he 
has  to  be  urged  to  eat,  willingly  misses  a  meal,  and  uniformly  declines 
a  second  helping;  "he  eats  much  less  than  his  6-year-old  cousins,  who 
are  actually  under  size  for  their  age;  he  has  never  been  a  heavy  eater 
from  the  time  he  was  weaned."  This  boy,  the  son  of  a  very  fleshy 
man,  seems  to  afford  an  example  of  the  easily  fattening  type  in  whom 
the  slight  excess  of  calories  produces  a  striking  result  in  build. 


ENDOCBINI  GLANDS.  [45 

Endocrine  Glands  as  Links  between   Chbomob  m 

QUAUTD 

When  it  is  concluded  that  there  are  constitutional,  genetic  fad 
for  build,  the  validity  of  this  conclusion  is  uo1  weakened  by  the  kni 
role  of  endocrine  glands  on  metabolism  and  build.    Thus  the  i 
ments  of  recent  years  have  emphasized  the  importance  of  the  rdle  thai 

the  thyroid  gland  plays  in  growth  and  development.     As  Uhlenhuth 
(1922,  p.  182)  says:  "The  ontogenetic  development  of  the  individual 
is  controlled  by  the  thyroid  hormone."    Since  in  cretins  the  thyi 
functions  imperfectly  or  not  at   all,   the   differences   between 
development  of  a  normal  child  and  that  of  a  cretin  are  supposed  to 
indicate  the  scope  of  the  control  by  the  thyroid  hormone.     In  the 
cretin,  growth  is  slowed  up  almost  to  cessation.     In  the  long  bones 
the  centers  of  ossification  develop  slowly.  "The  epiphyses  may  be 
absent  many  years  after  they  are  due  to  appear  and  then  union  with 
the  shafts  of  the  long  bones  indefinitely  delayed.     Periosteal  as  well 
as  endochondral  bone  formation  may  be  greatly  reduced  and  delayed. 
The  cranial  bones  are  thin,  poorly  ossified,  and  osteoporotic;  mottling 
is  sometimes  evident  ontogenologically."  ....     Incomplete  closure 
of  the  fontanelles  is  very  common  (Janney,  1922,  pp.  391,  392).    The 
genito-urinary  system  is  undeveloped;  the  external  genitalia  remain 
infantile.     The  brain  shows  defective  convolutions  and  all  parts  of 
the  central  nervous  system  show  deficient  development.     Owing  to 
the  fact  that  the  long  bones  of  the  leg  develop  imperfectly,  while  the 
chest  may  continue  to  enlarge,  the  build  of  the  cretin  is  usually  la 
for  his  age.     Thus,  in  general,  the  specific  metabolic  changes  air 
retarded.    When  the  thyroid  functions  imperfectly  after  maturity  the 
victim  puts  on  fat.    The  fat  is  usually  distributed  nearly  uniformly 
under  all  parts  of  the  skin.    One  of  Janney's  cases  weighed  212  poui 
at  12  years.    Some  degree  of  hypothyroidism  is  doubtless  responsible 
for  many  of  the  "very  fleshy"  persons  referred  to  in  the  preceding 
pages.    The  frequent  recurrence  of  obesity  in  a  family  i^  in  accordai 
with  the  tendency  for  hypothyroidism  to  recur  in  different  meml 
of  a  family;  a  tendency  shown  remarkably  in  Barrett's  i  1919)  family. 
The  hypophysis,  especially  its  anterior  lobe,  is  believed  to  exercise 
an  important  control  over  differential  metabolism  and  the  resulting 
form.    The  results  of  hyperfunctioning  of  the  gland  are  vei  \  enl 

from  those  of  hyperfunctioning  of  the  thyroid.     An  extraordins 
enlargement  of  certain  parts  of  the  skeleton,  especially  of  the  1 
the  skull,  the  hands,  the  feet,  and  the  ribs,  occurs.    There  is,  indeed. 
in  growing  persons  a  tendency  to  the  production  ^i  giants.     In 
underfunctioning  of  the  hypophysis  before  puberty  an  extraordini 
obesity  is  apt   to  appear,   known   as  dystrophic  adiposo-geni talis; 
because,  the  more  the  fat  increases  in  amount  the  more  tin  tttJ 


146  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

genitalia  appear  under-developed— infantile.  The  obesity  frequently 
affects  the  region  of  the  pelvis  only  or  chiefly,  though  the  thighs  also 
may  be  involved.  Disfunctioning  of  the  pituitary  in  later  years  is 
believed,  likewise,  to  induce  obesity.  Of  this  disfunctioning  there  are, 
doubtless,  all  degrees  corresponding  to  the  variety  of  grades  of  obesity. 
Thus  a  second  factor  of  obesity  must  be  recognized;  and  this  also 
"runs  in  families" — is  hereditary. 

The  other  endocrine  factors  in  obesity  are  less  precisely  known.  It 
is  believed  that  the  interstitial  cells  of  the  gonads  secrete  hormones 
that  regulate,  especially  inhibit,  the  production  of  fat.  This  is  inferred 
by  the  frequent  tendency  of  women  after  the  menopause  to  grow  fat 
and  of  eunuchs  (of  one  type,  at  any  rate)  to  become  fleshy.  Also,  the 
secretions  of  the  islands  of  Langerhans  of  the  pancreas  are  known 
to  influence  carbohydrate  metabolism,  so  that  when  they  do  not 
function  properly  sugar  is  eliminated  unchanged  in  the  urine,  and 
"diabetes,"  usually  accompanied  by  fleshiness  in  its  early  stages, 
ensues.  Of  course,  it  can  not  be  stated  that  pancreatic  insufficiency 
is  responsible  for  the  prediabetic  obesity ;  but  the  relation  of  the  two 
phenomena  is  undeniably  close. 

Thus  there  come  clearly  to  view  two  links  in  the  chain  of  causes 
connecting  chromosomal  factors  (such  as  are  present  in  "Mendelian" 
heredity),  on  the  one  hand,  and  build,  on  the  other.  First,  two  or 
more  of  the  endocrine  glands  play  a  great  role  in  metabolism  and 
when  disturbed  usually  result  in  an  abnormal  build;  and,  secondly, 
just  the  condition  of  endocrine  disfunctioning  is  an  hereditary  one 
and  seems  to  depend  on  the  condition  of  the  enzymes  or  catalyzers 
that  must  be  in  the  chromosomes. 

That  other  constitutional  conditions  than  those  of  the  larger  endo- 
crine glands  may  play  an  important  role  in  metabolism  can  not  be 
denied;  probably  the  quality  of  the  protoplasm  of  every  active  cell 
influences  the  bodily  metabolism;  but  the  endocrine  glands  proper 
seem,  as  it  were,  to  be  told  off  for  this  specific  purpose,  and  thus 
peculiarities  in  their  functioning  lead  to  striking  results. 

Evidence  of  Segregation  in  the  Heredity  of  Build. 

The  best  single  criterion  of  Mendelism  in  any  hereditary  distribu- 
tion is  segregation.  If  there  is  sufficient  evidence  of  segregation  in 
our  study  of  build,  then  we  are  justified  in  concluding  that  build  is 
inherited  in  "Mendelian  fashion."  There  have  been  several  occasions 
to  refer  to  evidence  of  segregation  in  this  work;  some  of  this  evidence 
may  be  brought  together  here  and  other  added. 

1.  The  difference  in  variability  of  the  progeny  of  different  matings. 
The  offspring  of  slender  parents  are  least  variable,  of  fleshy  parents 
most.     This  is  evidence  that  the  fleshy  parents  carry  gametes  for 


SEGREGATION  IN   HEREDITY. 


it; 


slenderness  and  thus  that  condition  reappears  in  the  offspring;  but 
slender  parents  rarely  carry  gametes  for  fleshiness  I  p, 

2.  As  a  corollary  of  the  above,  regression  takes  place  in  the  pi 
of  fleshy  parents  to  a  markedly  greater  degree  than  in  the  progen; 

slender  parents  (p.  39). 

3.  The  progeny  of  heterozygous  parents  are  significantly  more  vari- 
able than  the  progeny  of  parents  belonging  respectively  to  slender 
and  to  fleshy  stock.    This  is  evidence  that  the  heterozygous  pan 
carry  a  greater  variety  of  gametes  than  those  of  "purer  stock." 

4.  In  different  matings  of  the  same  type  the  variability  of  the 
progeny  differs;  apparently,  because  some  parents  belong  to  a  special 
biotype  and  others  simulate  the  biotype  merely  through  heterozyg 
ity.  Thus,  if  the  M  X  M  mating  be  considered  (table  X),  one  finds 
some  families  characterized  by  slight  variability  of  the  offspring.  The 
indices  of  build  (English)  in  such  families  are  given  in  table  34. 

Table  34. — Indices  of  build  of  the  progeny  of  M  x  M  matings,  in  which  the  parents  belong 

to  the  M  biotype. 


Reference. 


Indices  of  build  of  children. 


Mid  rang*.   I  Total  range. 


Bat  2 32,  33,  33,  35 

Boa  7 31,  32,  32,  34 

Die  4 29,  31,  32,  33 

Kel  4a 31,  32,  M,  M,  M,  34 

Old  2 |  33,  33,  33,'35 

Rig  1 30,  32,  32,  34 

War  3 30,  30,  30,  31,  32,  32,  32,  33,  33,  36. 


33 


a 

8 
i 
a 

8 


The  slight  fluctuation  in  build  of  progeny  of  table  34  is  obvious. 
The  modal  index  of  the  progeny  is  close  to  33.  On  the  other  hand, 
there  are  matings  of  this  type  which  show  a  much  greater  variability. 
These  are  listed  in  table  35. 

Table  35. — Indices  of  build  of  the  progeny  of  M  X   M  matings   in    which  the  pmmtt  are 

probably  heterozygous. 


Reference. 


Indices  of  build  of  children. 


Mi.l  r:n..  in<*. 


Cas  4 .  . . 
Coo  5... 

Eat  A... 
Fis2.... 

mi.... 

Mar  22.. 
Mer  8 .  . . 
Nes  1 .  .  . 
Tet  A... 
Rup  1... 
Smi  33 . . 
Sto  13 .  .  . 
A  01  :  29 


32,  34,  34,  37,  41,  43 

31,  33,  35.  36,  36,  36,  37,  37,  38,  38,  41 

33,  34,  35,  36,  36,  38,  38,  42 

33,35,37,  37,  37,  39,  40 

33,  34,  35,  35,  37,  37,  38,  39 

31,  32,  33,  36,  36,  40 

33,  36,  37,  40,  41 

32,  33,33,  37,  41,  51 

30,  30,  36,  41,43,49,49 

30,  30,  31,  31,  33,  36,  38,  40 

31,  31,  32,  36,  36,  36,  36,  37 

33,  34,  36,  38,  38,  38 

29,  39,  41 


II   B 


11 
10 

0 

7 

8 

e 

B 

19 
19 

0 

5 

U 


148 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


These  series  of  progeny  fluctuate  in  build  around  36.  It  seems 
probable  that  the  variable  progeny  are  the  offspring  of  heterozygous 
parents,  but  this  can  rarely  be  proved,  since  the  build  of  the  grand- 
parents is  not  often  available  in  the  present  series. 

That  there  are  really  at  least  two  kinds  of  matings  of  the  M  X  M 
type  is  shown  more  conclusively  by  figure  50,  in  which  two  modes, 
at  33  and  36,  respectively,  are  clearly  seen.  The  conclusion  seems 
to  be  justified  that  the  mode  at  33  is  that  of  progeny  derived  from 
the  M  biotype  and  the  mode  at  36  is  that  of  the  progeny  of  hetero- 
zygous M  parents.  The  existence  of  these  two  modes  in  figure  50  is 
thus  evidence  of  segregation. 

Additional  evidence  is  found  in  other  matings,  likewise.  Thus  the 
M  X  F  mating  shows  two  modes,  at  33  and  at  36  (fig.  51).  There  is 
also  one  other,  possibly  significant,  mode,  namely,  at  38,  in  the  fleshy 
group.  Since  F  parents  are  sometimes  homozygous,  mating  with  M 
would  tend  to  produce  medium-fleshy  progeny  (i.  e.,  36).  The  F 
parents  are,  however,  frequently  heterozygous,  containing  both  slen- 
der, medium,  fleshy,  and  even  very  fleshy  gametes;  and,  accordingly, 
we  should  expect  somatic  segregations  at  about  the  points  30,  33,  36, 
and  38  as  centers,  just  where  we  find  them. 

Again,  the  S  X  M  mating  yields  (fig.  52)  modes  at  32  and  35 
respectively,  a  shade  lower  than  those  of  the  M  X  M  or  M  X  F 
matings;  but  the  male  offspring  (taken  alone)  gives  modes  at  33  and 


'26      28      30      32      34      36      38      40      42      44      46      48      50      52      54      56 
Fig.  50. — Polygon  of  distribution  of  offspring  of  M  X  M  matings  (from  Appendix  table  X) 
for  males,  females,  and  sexes  combined.    Abscissae:  index  of  build,  English  system.    Ordi- 
nates:  absolute  frequencies  for  males  and   females  and  their  half  sum   for  the   sexes 
combined. 


SEGREGATION    IN    1IEREDIT1  . 


35.   Where  the  mode  is  at  33  it  is  probable  that  an  Sand  an  M  gan 

have  met;  and  this  condition  is  relatively  common  just   I ••  ■  M 

gametes  are  common.    The  mode  at  35  may  arise  from  an  1   gan 
carried  in  a  heterozygous  M  uniting  with  an  S  gamete.    The  - 
carried  in  heterozygous  M  may  be  responsible  for  a  probable  ra 
which  is  hidden  in  the  form  of  a  hump  at  28  in  figure  52. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  probable  influence  of  these  modes  on  the 
two  modes  shown  in  figure  7,  at  33  and  35  respectively.  These  two 
modes  are  strong  evidence  for  a  segregation  in  the  factors  for  build. 
Thus  the  very  irregularity  of  the  polygon  of  figure  7  is  evidence  of  He- 
presence  of  segregating  factors  for  build.  Moreover,  these  two  mi 
appear  at  every  age  from  birth  to  maturity,  as  is  clearly  shown  in 
figure  53.  This  bimodality  is  easily  accounted  for  on  genetics] 
grounds,  but  is  inexplicable  upon  the  bare  nutritional  hypothesis  of 
build. 

On  the  Number  of  Factors  Involved  in  Fleshy  Build. 

It  is  by  no  means  an  easy  matter  to  determine  the  number  of  inde- 
pendent factors  which  are  active  in  the  case  of  a  trait  that  is  due  to 
multiple  factors.  This  matter  is  still  less  easy  if  there  is  only  very 
imperfect  dominance  approaching  intermediacy  of  the  trail  in  tie- 
progeny  of  the  Fi  mating.  Yet  that  is  the  situation  that  has  to  be 
met  in  the  study  of  heredity  of  build. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  in  this  paper  to  test  the  relative  prob- 
ability that  there  are  only  two,  on  the  one  hand,  or  three  or  more 


Fio.  51.— Polygon  of  distribution  of  offspring  of  M  X  F  n  i  UbU  XI), 

sexes  separate  and  combined.     See  also  1.k'>  A    t         I      ■ 


150 


FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 


independent  factors,  on  the  other,  involved.  We  have  seen,  in  each 
of  the  various  matings,  that  the  result  is,  on  the  whole,  more  closely 
in  accord  with  the  3-factor  hypothesis  than  that  of  2  factors.  But 
this  is  not  to  insist  that  never  more  than  3  independent  factors  are 
involved  in  build,  or  never  less  than  3. 

An  attempt  was  made  to  apply  Dr.  Sewall  Wright's  formula 
(Castle,  1922,  p.  22).  Using  the  data  of  tables  12,  27,  and  31,  the 
value  for  n  (the  number  of  factors)  was  calculated  by  the  formula 


N  = 


D2 


8  (^-crx2) 

where  D  is  the  difference  between  the  means  of  parental  pure  races,  <?i 
is  the  standard  deviation  of  Fi,  and  <r2  is  standard  deviation  of  F2. 


20 


15 


10 


26 


28 


K 

1 

>\    v 
1/     * 

'/     ' 
1/ 

'/ 
if; 

'/ 

If! 

\ 

>      \ 

1       \ 
\       \ 
1        \ 

\        \ 

d 

2" 

if: 

'/ 
II: 

1/ 
1/ 

l\ 
If: 

/ 

\        \ 

\         \ 
\ 

\ 
t 
\ 
\ 
\ 
\ 

1     \ 

\ 

1 

/ 

1 

<'      \ 

\ 
\ 
\ 

\ 
\          \ 
v           \ 

\           \ 

nn  7 

/ 

\    ' 
\ 

\ 

\ 

N 

4 

s 

s 
• 

A 

s      .- 

l-..-v.- 

30 


32 


34 


36 


38 


40 


42 


44 


46 


48 


50 


Fig.  52. — Polygon  of  distribution  of  frequencies  of  build  of  offspring  of  S  X  M  matings  (from 
Appendix  table  VII),  sexes  separate  and  combined.     See  also  legend  to  fig.  50. 

Substitution  for  the  letters  of  their  values  given  n=(39.20 — 28.50 )2 
-7-8 [  (6.78) 2—  (5.02) 2]  =0.69.  We  can  only  conclude  that,  owing  to 
small  numbers,  this  formula  is  not  applicable  here. 

Returning,  then,  to  our  conclusion  that  the  assumption  of  at  least 
3  gametic  factors  for  some,  probably  most,  cases  of  build  accords  best 
with  the  results  of  the  various  matings,  we  may  inquire  what  is  the 
nature  of  these  factors.  It  seems  probable  that  two  of  them  may 
correspond  to  dystrophies  of  the  pituitary  and  thyroid  glands  respec- 


MWIHKK  ()K   I  ACTuiiS    IN\..|.\ 


151 


tively  and  the  other  or  others  to  other  regulatory   mechanism  of 
metabolism  in  the  organism.    It  may  well  be  thai  one  of  our  I 
is  the  same  as  that  which  causes  hypothyroidism;  another  a 

which  causes  hypopituitarism,  and  the  third  that  which  inhibit*  the 
normal  development  of  the  genitalia,  such  as  v  functioning  in 

dystrophia  adiposo-genitalis.    This  is,  indeed,  speculation     How< 
the  speculation  is  an  attempt  to  give  a  concrete  form  to  the  ideal 

multiple  factors  in  build. 

If  we  assume  three  independent  factors  tor  build,  it  does  aol  follow 
that  these  are  present  in  all  families.  Just  as  it  has  been  demon- 
strated that  in  different  strains  of  mice  there  arc  m  BOD  .    m 


Fig.  53. — Solid  figure  (model)  giving  distribution  <>f  relative  chest-drth  ! 

from  birth  to  20  years,  reading  from  left  to  rinht.     The  mean  index  "f  build 
age  is  centered  on  the  curve  of  development  of  relative  chest-girth.     The  i 
chest-girth  is  indicated  in  percentages  passing  from  1 1 »« •  bottom  t->  th< 
figure.     The  solid  figure  is  illuminated  from  the  upper  pari  of  th 

others  only  2  factors  for  susceptibility  to  cancel.  -...  apparently,  it  is 
with  build.    In  certain  families  the  distribution  <A  build  in  the  progeny 
is  best  accounted  for  on  the  hypothesis  that,  in  such  fa  mi  lie-.  th< 
only  two  gametic  factors  for  build.    In  other  families  there  apr> 
be  only  one  gametic  factor  for  build. 

It  has  been  repeatedly  pointed  out  that  in  many  eases  where  mul- 
tiple factors  are  invoked  to  explain  the  genetics!  results,  the  results 
can  be  equally  well  explained  on  the  theory  of  blended  inherit 
The  advantage  of  the  factorial  theory  is  that  it  brings  under  on 
of  heredity  even  these  most  difficult   ease-  of  apparently  blending 


152  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

inheritance.  More  than  that,  however,  the  theory  of  multiple  factors 
explains  a  number  of  phenomena  that  the  theory  of  blending  inher- 
itance does  not,  such  as  the  greater  variability  of  the  F2  as  contrasted 
with  the  Fi  generation,  and  the  skewness  in  distribution  of  progeny 
in  the  back-cross.  Thus  an  F  X  S  mating  should  produce  a  "medium" 
progeny  with  symmetrical  distribution  of  deviating  types  on  the 
theory  of  blending  inheritance;  actually  it  produces  not  only  me- 
diums, but  an  excess  of  fleshy  over  slender,  which  is  readily  accounted 
for  on  the  hypothesis  that  fleshiness  is  partially  dominant  over  slen- 
derness.  In  this  and  other  ways,  especially  in  focussing  attention  on 
gametes,  the  doctrine  of  multiple  factors  is  essential  to  an  adequate 
interpretation  of  the  results  of  mating  between  persons  of  dissimilar 
build. 

D.    SUMMARY  OF  CONCLUSIONS. 

1.  Two  types  of  variation  in  build  are  to  be  distinguished:  (1)  the 
change  in  average  build  that  accompanies  ontogeny  and  (2)  variations 
in  adult  build. 

2.  The  popular  idea  of  build  is  best  expressed  as  the  ratio  of  trans- 
verse chest  diameter  to  stature,  or  (since  the  chest  diameter  is  rarely 
known)  chest-girth  to  stature.  When  only  weight  and  stature  are 
known,  the  closest  approximation  to  the  chests-stature  ratio  is  given 
by  the  weights- (stature)2  ratio,  and  this  is  taken  as  the  standard 
index  of  build. 

3.  The  correlation  between  the  standard  index  of  build  and  the 
relative  chest-girth  is,  for  males,  about  0.45. 

4.  The  index  of  build  of  adult  males  is  slightly  greater  than  of 
females,  because  of  the  relatively  greater  chest-girth  of  males.  The 
average  index  of  build  for  males  is  2.52  (35.8)  and  for  females 
2.43  (34.5). 

5.  There  are  marked  racial  differences  in  build;  but  they  are  not 
so  great  as  the  differences  in  ontogenetic  stages. 

6.  There  are  geographical  differences  in  build;  the  heavy  build  of 
northern  peoples  may  be  due  to  a  physiological  reaction  or,  in  part, 
to  a  selective  survival  of  the  fleshier  individuals  or  strains. 

7.  The  ontogenetic  curve  of  build,  expressed  by  relative  chest-girth, 
is  expressed  by  figure  1  and  (for  infancy)  figure  2.  It  shows  that  at 
birth  chest-girth  is  about  two-thirds  of  stature  and  diminishes  in  the 
male  to  the  age  of  12  years;  thereafter,  on  the  average,  it  rises  to 
complete  maturity. 

8.  Build  declines  temporarily  during  the  first  month  of  life,  owing 
to  the  physiological  difficulties  attending  adjustment  to  new  condi- 
tions. It  declines  temporarily,  again,  at  about  8  months,  probably 
due  to  the  cutting  of  the  incisor  teeth. 


SUMMARY  01    I  "\<  LI  3ION8.  153 

9.  The  heavy  build  of  the  infant  corresponds  to  thai  of  the  short- 
legged  anthropoids.    The  Long-legged,  Blender-build  Bfc 

of  12  years  persists  in  the  Nilotic  negroes  and  many  1" 
minded. 

10.  In  adult  life  the  changes  in  build  vary  with  familn ».  In  those 
characterized  by  slender  build  there  is  typically  little  change.  In 
those  characterized  by  fleshy  build  there  is  typically  progn  in- 
crease in  weight  to  50  years.  In  some  families  weight  flud 
greatly  at  different  periods  of  adull  life.  In  general,  though  with 
numerous  exceptions,  a  fleshy  adult  build  is  foreshadowed  in  plump 
build  in  childhood. 

11.  Mass  studies  on  adult  build  give  a  polygon  of  distribution 
which  is  skew,  the  mode  being  toward  the  slender*  r  end  of  the 
polygon.  There  is  evidence  of  more  than  one  mode,  and  hence  that 
there  are  two  or  more  types  of  build.  For  purposes  of  description 
five  classes  of  build  are  recognized — very  -lender.  Blender,  medium, 
fleshy,  and  very  fleshy. 

12.  The  diseases  associated  with  very  slender  and  Blender  build  an 
tuberculosis,  pneumonia,  "nervousness."  melancholia.     The  d 
associated  with  very  fleshy  or  fleshy  build  are:  diabetes    nephi 
and  dropsy,  apoplexy,  and  arterio-sclerosis  and  paralysis  accompany- 
ing it;  also  numerous  diseases  of  the  alimentary  tract. 

13.  Fleshy  parents  have,  on  the  average,  in  our  data,  larger  famili 
than  slender  parents. 

14.  Regression  towrard  mediocrity  is  less  striking  in  the  offspring  of 
slender  than  of  fleshy  parents,  suggesting  that  fleshy  parents  carry 
not  only  genes  for  fleshiness  but  also  for  slenderness,  while  Blender 
parents  more  rarely  carry  genes  for  fleshiness. 

15.  The  offspring  of  two  fleshy  parents  are  twice  as  variabli 
those  of  slender  parents. 

16.  The  hypothesis  is  indicated  that  genetically  build  is  controlled 
by  multiple  factors,  with  fleshiness  tending  Blightly  to  dominate  over 
slenderness. 

17.  There  is  a  marked  tendency  for  persons  of  Bimilar  build  (or 
with  potentialities  for  such)   to  intermarry.     Dissimilar  buildi 
selected  against. 

18.  Two  slender  parents  of  slender  stock  have  rarely  any  pi 
whose  index  of  build  exceeds  2.2,  or  just  above  the  upper  limit  of  the 
slender  group.    In  general  the  progeny  of  slender  parents  are  rela- 
tively slightly  variable. 

19.  The  slender  parents  are  apparently  of  two  kinds:  th  iny- 
ing  only  one  kind  of  factor  for  fleshy  build  and  the  other  two  such 
gametic  factors.  The  progeny  of  the  former  are  very  Blightly  variable; 
those  of  the  latter  more  variable. 


154  FAMILY  STUDIES  IN  BUILD. 

20.  By  comparing  coefficients  of  variability  instead  of  indices,  and 
by  making  allowance  for  the  greater  range  of  the  fleshy  class  than  the 
slender  class,  it  still  appears  that  the  progeny  of  fleshy  parents  are 
relatively  and  per  unit  range  more  variable  than  the  progeny  of 
slender  parents.  Absolutely  the  offspring  of  the  fleshy  parents  are, 
as  stated,  twice  as  variable  as  of  slender  parents. 

21.  The  matings  of  slender  parents  and  fleshy  parents  of  fleshy 
stock  yield  a  variable  progeny,  such  as  is  typically  found  in  the  Fi 
generation  when  multiple  factors  are  concerned.  The  variability  is 
between  that  of  the  progeny  of  slender  matings  and  that  of  the 
progeny  of  fleshy  matings. 

22.  The  Fi  generation  has  not  a  mode  of  build  that  is  intermediate 
between  that  of  the  parental  stocks,  but  one  that  is  about  the  same 
as  of  the  fleshy  matings.  This  is  evidence  of  partial  dominance  of 
fleshiness. 

23.  The  mating  of  two  heterozygous  (Fi)  parents  produces,  in  gen- 
eral, an  exceptionally  variable  progeny.  This  is  one  of  the  strongest 
evidences  of  the  presence  of  genetical  factors  in  build. 

24.  Many,  if  not  most,  parents  of  medium  build  belong  to  biotypes 
with  1  or  2  independent  factors  for  build.  Consequently  the  progeny 
of  medium  X  medium  matings  is  often  strikingly  invariable. 

25.  The  "back-cross"  of  a  heterozygous  parent  with  a  slender  par- 
ent, on  the  one  hand,  or  with  a  fleshy  parent  of  fleshy  stock,  on  the 
other,  gives  a  variable  progeny,  whose  mode  is  shifted  toward  fleshi- 
ness; but  which  shows  a  tendency  to  fall  again  into  the  slender  (or 
fleshy)  and  medium-fleshy  grandparental  types. 

26.  Variations  in  build  are  not  to  be  accounted  for  merely  by  varia- 
tions in  intake  and  out-go  of  calories,  but  also  by  the  endogenous 
factors  that  determine  the  "economy  of  nutrition"  or  the  cost  in 
energy  of  adding  an  additional  kilogram  of  weight  to  the  body.  The 
factors  involved  in  producing  differences  in  these  respects  are 
hereditary  factors. 

27.  The  hereditary  factors  probably  work  through  the  intermediacy 
of  special  organs  that  influence  metabolism,  notably  the  endocrine 
glands.  The  latter  thus  intermediate  between  the  chromosomal  con- 
stitution, on  the  one  hand,  and  control  of  metabolic  processes,  on  the 
other. 

28.  The  number  of  factors  involved  in  very  fleshy  build  is,  in  some 
cases  at  least,  three  independent  ones.  But  the  number  is  probably 
not  the  same  in  all  biotypes.  Probably  in  some  there  is  only  one, 
in  others  four  or  more. 

29.  The  factors  probably  influence  the  functioning  of  the  thyroid, 
pituitary,  and  perhaps  other  glands. 


APPENDIX. 

I-XV.  Tables  of  matinga  and  progeny  based  on  the  origin  i 
XVI.  Indices  of  build,  weight-j-  (stature)",  for  weights  from  ' 

and  45.4  to  102  kg.;  Btatures  from  55  to  7^  inch<  b  and  L40  to  198 
XVII.  Equivalent  values  of  index  of  build  by  four  differenl 

tween  weight  and  stature,  English  system. 
XVIII.  To  transmute  the  English  system  of  index  of  build  to  the  met] 

ABBREVIATIONS. 

In  top  line  of  tables:  F,  father;  M,  mother;  FF,  fath<  I     I 

mother,  etc. 

In  body  of  tables:  ca,  cancer;  E,  epilepsy;  F,  fleshy;  hf,  heart  failure;  I. 
M-D,  mania-depressive  insanity;    M,  medium   build;    S,  slender;    su,   suicide 
tuberculosis;  V,  very  (slender,  etc.);  yg,  young;  for  d,  died; 
families  not  included  in  the  construction  of  figure  7,  or  tables  11  and  12. 

Table  I. — Very  slender  X  very  slender  mating*  and  their  ■progeny. 

This  mating  is  not  represented  in  our  data.     This  table  is  ne\  erl  hdess  indicated 
numbered  in  order  to  secure  the  proper  ordinal  position  of  the  follow 

Table  II. — Slender  X  very  slewler  matings  and  their  prt 


File 
ref. 

Male 
children. 

Female 
children. 

F. 

FF. 

FM. 

Father's 
sibs. 

M. 

MF. 

MM. 

M 
sibs. 

Cod  1 . . . . 

*Fun 

Jos  1 .  .  .  . 

♦Leo 

Nob  I*... 
*Pal2 

26 
29 
39 

VS  S  S 
25 

26 
28 
32 

27  S 
26  23 
43  VS2 
30  29 

29 
27 
24 

VS 
26 
S 
29 

35 

27 

33 
29 

25 

25 
27 
S 
24 

VS 

30 

27 

26  27   29 

27    31    31 

M 
M 
29 

M 
F 

33  ± 

S  F 

M 
M 

M 
M 

Sch  37 .  .  . 



31  27 

Average   build    of    parents    (excluding  VS      v       bd 

families  with*)  26.13  Classification  of  progeny -1     12       9 

Number  of  matings:  4  +  3*  =  7  Proportional  frequency  per  mille.        200  BOO   10 

Total  number  of  progeny:  11  +  9*  —  20 
'Four  adolescents  are  all  below  standard  weight  but  1,  who  is  5  pound-  ah  invalid. 

Table  III. — Very  slender  X  medium  matinga  awl  th< 


File 
ref. 


Male 
children. 


Female 
children. 


P. 

FF. 

FM. 

32 

32 

33 

34 

29 

36 

35 

t 

31 

M 

M 

:;i 

31 

26 

31 

36 

39 

28 

26 

M 

Father's 
sibs. 


M. 


MF. 


MM 


fiba. 


Ach2. 
Bic  l1. 
Gay  3. 
Gru  1*. 
Hil  8». 
Ise  2.. 
Mil  A 
Wit  2 ' . 


32 


34 

28  36  34  33  32 

43  37 

33  29t 


27  33  31 

29  33  32 
36 

30  33 

31 

31  .in 

:<:■:  22  31  42 
26 


I  -l 

t  2  1 

-- 

23 

8  M  F  F  ] 


M 
M 
M 


M 


E 


t.  t.  t.  t 


t.  t 


( 'lassificatioa  o!  progeny 

Proportional  frequencj  pet  mille 


Average  build  of  parents,  28.38 
Total  number  of  matings,  8 
Total  number  of  progeny,  28 

'Fdied,  39  years,  pulmonary  tuberculosis.     M  linble  to  tuberculoma  of  throat  tad  loner 

•Female,  13  years,  has  already  the  build  of  her  next  older  sister  (881 

*  F  died,  39  years,  tuberculosis. 

4  FM  died,  tuberculosis.     M  insane  and  tuberculous  in  middle  life:  died,  51   p 

155 


VS 

M 

1 

1 

< 

17 

107 

156 


APPENDIX. 


Table  IV. — Very  slender  X  fleshy  matings  and  their  progeny. 


File 
ref. 

Male 
children. 

Female 
children. 

F. 

FF.     FM. 

Father's 
sibs. 

M. 

MF. 

MM. 

Mother's 
sibs. 

Hoi  A.... 
Kut  l1. . . 

32  40  34  33  27 

46  34  25  29 

35 

30  28  35 

40 

27  33  32  33 

39 
43 
43 
38 
37 

23 
24 
24 
24 
25 

F  M  S  M  F 
M  F 
4  S 

M 
34 
38 

s 

S 

35 

34 

M 

28 

S 

Law  A. . . 

Olm  A... 
Wat  5s .  . . 

41 

43  51  41  32  37 

38 

34 

F 

Average  build  of  parents,  32.00 
Number  of  matings,  5 
Total  number  of  progeny,  25 


VS     S        M       F      VF 

Classification  of  progeny 1         5       10         7       2 

Proportional  frequency  per  mille 40     200     400     280    80 


1  Tendency  to  tuberculosis  on  maternal  side. 

1  FF  had  one  sister  who  had  at  least  three  F  children.     Apparently  there  is  an  F  strain  on  Father's  side.     MF  had  two  i 
who  were  large  and  tall.     MM  had  both  S  and  F  close  relatives;  one  sister  was  S. 

Table  V. — Very  slender  X  very  fleshy  matings  and  their  progeny. 
There  is  only  one  example  of  this  mating  described  at  page  97. 


Table  VI. — Slender 

X  slender  matings  and  their 

progeny. 

File 
ref. 

Male             Female 
children.      |   children. 

F. 

FF. 

FM. 

Father's         i  ,, 
sibs. 

MF. 

MM. 

Mother's 

sibs. 

Ada  4 

Bee  9 

28  27 
30 

30 

28 

33 
29 

27 
29 

2S 
29 

37 
33tt 

28 
31 

31 

tsu, 

2t  Bright 

1  M-D. 

Fel  l1 

Hay  42 

27 
29 

29 
29 

28 
F 

30 

tt 

29 
29 

42 

stt 

32 
38 

27 

Hay  123 

32  27 

M  S 

27 

29 

M 

S  S  S  M  M  M 

26 

MT 

22 

S  s  s  c  c 

Hen  12 
Ker5 

Law  7 

32  28  ± 
25  31 
28 

22  26  ± 

29 
29 
27 
30 
29 
28 
30 
29 

M 
M 
M 

M 

26 
33 

M 
30 
F 
M 

tt 
M 
M 

28 
29 
26 
28 
27 
28 
30 

M 
M 
36 
M 

M 
27 
30 

S 

25 
32 

25  26 
27 
30 
27  25 

Lou  2 

McA2 

McC  11 

Ran  4 

28  29 

33 

27 

tt 

33 
M 

tt 

M 

M 

tt 

30 

tt 

Sch8 

Sco  5 

Shi  5 

30  32 
32  30  30 

30 

29 

29 

S 

28 

30 

35 
37 
29 

29 
24 
36 

29 
29 
27 

27 
28 
29 

39 
36 
M 
F 

S 
M 

M 

24 
27 
F 
31 

S 

32 

28 
29  S 
29 

*Smi 

Ste  9 

Wil  23 

S 

29  30 

27  33  28  27 

AUF 

M 
M 

S 
M 

tt 

tt 

You94 

27 

29 
30 
26 
29 
28 

36 

34 

28 
27 
29 
?7 

37 

23 

A-01  :  44  . . 
A-01  :  19... 

29 

28 
26 

A-01  :  60. . 

A-01  :  63 

97 

28 

Average  build  of  parents  (excluding  f 

amilj 

r  with 

*). 

»  FFF,  build  36;  FFM,  build  27 

FMF, 

build  28. 

27.87 

1  3  adolescent  children  are  S. 

Number  of  matings,  23  +  1*  =  24 

•  M's  sib  (F)  has  one  F  and  one 

M  chil 

i. 

Total  number  of  progeny,  47  +  2*  + 

2  no 

n-quat 

iti- 

*  F's  weight  may  have  been  redt 

ced  by 

bronchial  trouii 

tative  =  51 

VS 

S 

M 

35 

11 

Proportiona 

I  frequency  pe 

r  mille 

98 

686 

215 

APPENDIX. 


157 


Table  VII.— Slender  x 

medium   mating*  <imi  thnr  progeny. 

File 
ref. 

Male 
children. 

Female 
children. 

F. 

1 1 

I'M. 

1  :.t; 

Ml 

M. 

Ml 

MM 

ther'« 

AlvA... 

Alt 

Atw  2.... 

Bal  3 

Bak8i... 
Bes  1*.... 

Bla  11.  .  . 

Bio  3 

Bou  3...  . 

Bou  4 

Blu  2 

Bra  4 

Bri  2 

Bro  36. . . 

Bru  A. .  .  . 

Bru  2 

Cha6.... 

36  32  30 
43  38  33 
33 

32 

34  33 

33  35  35 

40  33  35  35 

35 

37  34 
32  32 
31 

33 

35  33  33  31 

41  32 
31 

31 

40  28 
42  32 
28 
32  33 

29 
36 
26 
29 
271 
30 

33 

32 
35 
30 
30 
35 

32 

35 

34 

30 
30 
30 
31 
35 
32 
30 
34 
33 
34 
33 

35 

35 
35 
28 
33 
35 
33 
33 
30 
32 
30 
28 
34 
31 
31 

31 

27 
30 
34 

34 

30 
34 
34 
30 

31 

30 
34 
30 
34 

34 
M 
27 
32 

M 

28 
29 
31 

;:i 
28 

26 

27 

33 
33 
31 
28 

29 
32 

28 

28 

28 

27 

34 
28 
26 

28 

30 
28 
26 

29 

30 
88 

28 

;i 

1 

30 

1 
M 

11 

31 

39 

30 
35 
34 

32 

31 

S 

32 

32 

S 

41 

32 

39 

S 

M 

29 

27 

34 

M 

M 
S 
F 
M 

31 

38 

M 

M 
M 

38 

M 

36 

s 

..1 
M 

M 

31 

1 
M 

S 

M 
32 

31 

M 

/8  B  B  M 

M    1 

3ft,  2F  L8 

34  r, 

/28  30  30  30\ 
I     33               / 

30 
/33  32  31  29\ 
I     28               / 

38  32  34  28 

29  26  28 

36  29 

27  33  31  31 

33 

30 

31 

33 

Cla  1 .  .  .  . 

31  37  34 

33 

40 

31  32 

35  32 

Cob  1 

33 

M 
M 
29 
M 
29 
36 

29 

S 

8 

29 

S 

28 

28 

Col  19.  .  . 

Clo  2 

Com  2 .  .  . 

M 

33 

31 

S 

M 
31 

M 

r 

Cos  2». .  .  . 

31 

Cra6.  ... 

31 

Cru  2*.  . . 

36 
31 

29  29 

26  34  27  33 
30 

30  32 
28 

31 

Dew  1 .  .  . 

41  35  .35 

42*  32  31 

45  34 
30  35 

Die  A6.  .  . 

Dic36.... 

36 

S 

Die  6 

VI' 

\T 

31 
34 
35 
37 
35 
34 
36 

29 
32 
34 
31 
49 
31 
32 

Dra47.  .  . 

Dun  A... 

Eps2 

Fan  1 

44  38 

31 

33 

43  38  37 

36  34  30 

38 

27 

31 

Fin  1 

Fin  8 

Fol3.... 

33  32 
31 

For  9 

Fra  9 

Goo  6... 

36  38 
39 

30 

44  43  42 
28  28 

32 

35 

39 

M 

31 
39 

35 

M 

34 

32 

33 

47 

24 

•J  7 
M 

23 

88 

Gra3 

Hal  B*  . . 

Har  35». . 
Haw  510. . 
Hei  4 

Hod  3. . .  . 

Hor7.... 

33 

32 

36 

40  31  32 

38 

37  30  35  37 

.:• 

31 

29 

33  31  38 

f,-,(l    17    Id   us 
\     36 

27 

36 

• 

/36  34  34  28 \ 
I     35               / 

32 

31  33 

31 

35 

43 

1! 

3tt.  1 

Hea  3 

Hef  1 ...  . 
Hos  3 

Hox  2...  . 

Hut  3...  . 
Jic  1 
Joh  18 .  . 

30  37 

37 

35 
/S  M  M  M  \ 
I     M               J 

33  33  34 

33  32 

42 

M 

36 
36 
M 
43 

V 

M 

86 
86 
S 
M 

M 

M 

i 

a 

M 

32 

Jon  15. . . 

35  38 

Note. — For  footnot 


158 


APPENDIX. 


Table  VII 

. — Slender   X  medium  matings 

and  their  progeny- 

-Continued 

F;le 
ref. 

Male 
children. 

Female 
children. 

F. 

FF. 

FM. 

Father's 
sibs. 

M. 

MF. 

MM. 

Mother'6 
sibs. 

Kaa  A .  .  . 

49  35 

35 

34 

30 

3511 

32 

35 

27 

34 

28i2 

27 

31 

28 

31 
31 
32 
34 
31 
33 
32 
30 
34 
35 
29 

36 

36 
29 
35 
34 
36 
35 
32 
37 

27 

29 
30 
35 
29 
33 
31 
34 
27 
34 
30 
31 
29 
31 

35 
34 

28 
44 

34 

28 

29 
33 
28 
30 
30 
35 
30 
31 
34 
29 

32 

27 
29 
28 
27 
26 
28 
29 
31 
28 
28 
34 

30 

27 
32 
28 
26 
28 
30 
30 
24 

34 

32 
33 
28 
34 
26 
26 
30 
32 
29 
34 
30 
31 
30 

34 
31 

29 
42 

/M  M  M  S 
\  F  VF 

Kau  5. .  .  . 
Kel  A. .  .  . 
Leo  lu. . . 

Leo  9 

Lip  3 

Lit  4 

Loo  1. .  .  . 
Man  l18.. 
Mar  8.... 
May  3 .  .  . 

36  37 
50 

34  35 

32  39  32  35 

35  35  34 

37  33 
35 
29 

34  39 

41  32 

37  28 

34 

36  35  39  36 

31 

32 

29 

40 

T 
M 

35 

S 

M 
M 

S 
S 

31 
M 

41 
32 

26 
M 

F 
S 
28 

M 

37 
A I 
M 
34 
30 

F 

28 

M 

35 

S 

30 

33 

M 

S 

34 

M 

33 

M 

S 

33 

49 

F 

29 

S 

M 

M 

37 

M  F 

30 

26  32 

M 

32  35 
34  40 

McC  A. . . 

McM  2" . 
Mil  29 .  .  . 

Mit  2 

51  35 

36  35  M 

41 

M 

/M  M  M  M 

\     M 

F 

34 

M 

30 

33 

M 

T 

31 

M 

S 

M 

M 

35 

31 

40 

Mon  3 .  .  . 
Moo  4 .  .  . 
Oha  1 . . . . 
OH  2 

34 

30  33  32 

37 

37 

33  31 
31 

30  45  36 
37 

35 

31  32  32 

S 

39 

34 

S 

One  1 

Osb6.... 

Par  3 

Per  6 

Per  8 

Rei  4 

Rid  A.... 
Rim  1..  .  . 
Ran  1 . . . . 
Row  6 .  .  . 
Rug  1.... 
Rus  5...  . 
Ste  29..  .  . 

Thr  1". .  . 

Val  1 

Van  16... 
Wal5.... 
Wei  3.... 
Wes  5 

34  41  35 
31 

38  39  36 
/38  31  32  341 
\  33  33  33  / 

29  30  31 

36  47  33  48 

36 

29  32  31 

34 

40 

36 

31  26 

/32  38  35*  37 
\  35  39|  35 

32  31 

39  33  34 
34 

32  33 

29 
M 

S 
31 

32 

38 

39 

34 

41 

S 

S 

34 

28 

M 
29 
28 

31 

32  34 

31 

31  33  32 

46  45  30 

35 
35 
32 
36 
35 
33 

30 

M 
M 
33 
M 
35 
S 

32 
36 
41 
33 
40 
28 

31 

M 

S 

35 

S 

29 

M 

32 
24 

33 

44 
34 

31 

>45  46  40 

S  S  S  S  F 

S  S  M 

35 

S 

M 

30 

M 

35 

31 
M 

38 

S 

s 

31 

S 

32 

40 

28 

F 

29  35  35 

29 

32 

33 

34 

36  29 

32 

35 

31 

Wey  2 .  .  . 
Whi  15... 
Woo  14.  . 
Wil  34 .  . . 

Wri  1 

A-0  1:16 
A.-0  1:50 
A-0  1:9. 

34  31 

36  37  34  36 

36  32 

32 

36 

M 
44 

S 

37 
32 
M 

1 

33 
30 

Average  build  of  parents,  30.90 

Number  of  matings,  101 

Total  progeny,  306  +  7  non-quantitative  =313 

1  In  middle  life;  build  35  to  27. 

5  2  adolescent  children;  build  29  and  36. 

*  Medium  father  carries  S  gametes;  2  adolescent  S  children. 

*  3  adolescent  children  who  are  slender. 

*  MF'S  sibs:  4d.  96  years;  5  others  at  over  65  years;  men 
weighed  160  to  175  pounds,  women  125  to  145  pounds.  Height 
respectively  69  to  71  inches;  65  to  66  inches.  MM's  family 
all  became  VF  after  36  years;  *  gained  build  51  at  58  years. 

*  MM  reduced  in  build  by  old  age. 

'  Also  1  adolescent  male  child,  slender. 


S        M       F 

Classification  of  progeny 49       200       53 

Proportional  frequency  per  mille.  157     639     169 

s  *  and  *  are  twins. 

'  MF  had  3  sibs  died  of  tuberculosis;  FF  had  3  sisters  di< 
of  tuberculosis. 

10  3  children  died  young. 

u  2  sibs  and  a  nephew  died  of  tuberculosis. 

12  Sib  died  of  tuberculosis. 

"MF  and  MM  were  second  cousins. 

"  Many  F  relatives  who  had  muscular  rheumatism ;  *  has 
daughter,  build  45;  }  has  a  daughter  build  45. 


APPENDIX. 


159 


Table  VIII.— Slender  x  fleshy  matingt  and  tfu 


Male 
children. 


39  34 
33  37    15 

34 


33 
36 

37  37 
33  30 


35 

33  36  33 

31  33  36  32 

33 

35 
31  34 


42 

43  39  38 

37 

34  36 

37  33  33 

38  34  32 


34 


34  35 
34 

34 

29  32 
31  31 
38 


38  33 

40  41  37 

38  38 
34 

/43  38  34 
\     29  32 
38  37 


VF  M 

37 
33 

13  34 

38  34  32 
41  M  35 
37  35  35 

39  40 

28 

37  41 
39  35 
30  37  31 
34  32 


33\ 

/ 


35 
32 
30 


Female 
children. 


31 


42  38 

28  38 
37 

33 
36 
33 
31 

33  38 
39 

29  31 

33 

32  32  39 

33  30  34  33 


F. 


30 

30  40  39 


33  30  30 


'26  27  25  30\ 
k     23  29         / 


35  M  S  VS 

33 

34  31  29 

41  35 


26 

38    12  39 

43 

33  4  1 
/42  36  F  VF\ 
I     F    13  / 


34  31 

39  31   33 

42  37 

47  .".1   S    is 


38  36 

26  37 

S  S    13 


31 

31   29 
34 


27 

30 

41 

30 

29 

30 

39 

il 

39 

39 

42  ca 

26 

28 

43 

38 

41 

40 

30 
43 
37 
27 
30 
29 
37 
30 

30 


38 
37 

39 

39 
39 

30 

30 
38 


38 
38 

i.; 
40 

28 

29 
12 

II 
27 
38 
37 

38 


I  1. 


31 


M 


38 
34 
■  9 
33 
34 
30 
M 

48 

37 
36 


34 
46 
31 


33 
36 
M 

34 

37 

3  7 

S 

M 
M 


34 


31 

3 
34 


29 


IM 


27 

8 


38 
49 
37 

31 
61 

I  ! 


sib 


31 
52 


38 

8 

39 


F 

27 

M 
M 


S 
35 


38 

F 

16 


1 


8  1    ! 


10  F-VF, 

I    IS  / 


i 


M 


J 


!    !    :      ■ 


28 

27 
10 


II 


Ml 


M 


M 


M 


- 


M 


■ 


»l 
M 


ge  build  of  parents  (excluding  families  with  * 

>er  of  matings,  49  +  3*  =  52. 

No.  of  progeny,  lu5  +  21*  +  3  non-quantit;iti\  o  -  1 

i  4,  by  first  wife;  Kra  5,  by  second  wife. 

this  family  were  slender  till  about  20  years,  then  became  I 

4MM  build  36;  MMM  30;  MFM  27;  MIT  33. 


I 
rtionaJ  fi 

The  sic:. 


160 


APPENDIX. 


Table  IX. — Slender  X  very  fleshy  matings  and  their  -progeny 


File 
ref. 


ArnS1... 

Ban  2*.  . 

Ben  8... 

Bon  A .  . 
*Bun. .  .  . 

Cle5... 
*Coo 

Fen  1 . . . 

Har  15'. 

Hor  9... 

How  8*. . 

Kro3... 

*Leo 

Tea  A. . . 


Male 
children. 


32 

39  39 

40 

44 

44  33 

30  39  35 


38  33  30  32 

39  33  34 


35  38  37  39$ 

41* 

42 

45 

46  31  28 


Female 

F. 

children. 

38 

44 

49 

28 

32 

51 
57 

25.5  32 

33 

30 

48  34 

29 

29 

44 

40  (t)  37 

30 

31  (t)  36 

44 

30 

29 

S 

51  S  S  46  F 

31  32 

49 

FF.  FM. 


31 
42 
38 
40 


34 


41 
44 

37 

34 


48 
31 
26 


34 


28 
24 
27 

42 


Father's 
sibs. 


t  t 


40 


F 

F  F  S  S 


t 
t  t  t 


M. 


MF. 


26 
26 
45 
26 
26 
54 
49 
27 
49 
29 
51 

46 
51 

27 


33 
M 
39 
35 


27 


35 

S 
40 

38 

S 


MM. 


25 

F 

32 


32 
49 


49 
M 
46 

28 
51 


Mother's 
sibs. 


5  F 


29  27  28  28 


3  F 

48  40 


45  46 


Average  build  of  parents  (excluding  families  with  *),  37.91. 
Number  of  matings,  11  +  3*  =  14. 
Total  number  of  progeny  34  +  12  =  46. 


Classification  of  progeny . . . 
Proportional  freq.  per  mille. 


S 

.     7 

152 


M      F  VF 

17     15     7 

370  326  152 


'M  died,  46  years,  tuberculosis;  M's  sib  died  of  hardening  of  lungs;  MF  tuberculosis;  MM  tuberculosis,  but  recovered. 
1  M  underwent  senile  degeneration  after  menopause. 
•  MM  had  "delioate  lungs." 
«  JTwins. 


AI'I'KNDIX. 


IG1 


Table  X. — Medium  x  medium  maiuiys  au,i  tiitxT  pre 


File 
ref. 

Male 
children. 

Female 
children. 

F. 

1  1 

1  M 

M. 

Ml 

Abe  1 .  .  . 
All  A .  .  . 
Aus  3 .  .  . 
Bac  1 .  . . 

34 

37  29 
35 

33  29  34 

39 

33 

36 

32 
35 
32 
32 
31 
31 
32 
31 
34 
32 
32 
36=fc 
33 
34 
32 
33 

32 

34 
31 
32 

35 

36 

36 

33 
32 
35 

34 

31 
35 
33 

33 

33 
32 
33 
35 
32 
34 
35 
36 
35 

36 

35 
37 
:;.-. 
34 
33 
32 
36 
33 
35 
34 

35 

M 

32 

B 
;::, 
M 
31 
39 
31 
39 
M 

36d 
31t 
39 
33 

M 

31 

M 
M 

28 
39 
24 

28 
M 
•    35i 
36 
29t 
32 

34 
32 
31 
36 
33 
82 
34 
34 
86 
31 
33 
34 
38 
84 
33  ± 
83 

82 

■ 

32 
81 

31 

33 
31 
86 

31 
86 

M 

M 

M 

t 

Bar  10.  . 
Bat  2 .  . . 
Boa  7. . . 
Bee  6 

32  32  30 

33  32  35 

34  32 
32 

33 
32  31 

M 
M 

M 
27 

36  36 

Bis  5 

Bra  10. . . 
Bro  18 . . . 

Cas  4 

Chr2... 
Cla  29.  .  . 

35 
33 

40 

32  36  34 
43  41  34 
32  36 

32  32 
38  39  36 

37  32  34 

32 

36 

37  41  36  38 

33 
29 
36  31 

42  33 

35 

(37  37  40  33) 
\     39  37         / 

'. 

Coo  5 

Dex  2 

Die  4 

Dra  1 

/38  35  36  31\ 
\     36  37  33  / 

33 

32  31  33 

(t) 

35 
M 
35 

37 

30 

F 

29 

34 1 

M 
M 

M 

11 
M 
M 

M 

•  :i 
M 

M 

Eat  A.... 

Fie  2 

Fis  2' 

Fra  3  A... 
Fri  3 

God  2.... 
Gol  4 

/34  36  35  36\ 
1     38  38         / 
33 

35 

35  35 
31 
42  39 

30 

33  85  42  80 

35 

M 

S 
M 
31± 

34 

31 
M 
F 

S 

31 
M 

31 
41 

30± 
32 
M» 
30 

36 

M 

S 
S 
33± 

28t 

29 

s 
s 

s 

34 

M 

34 

31 

F 

33 

F 

40 

M 
M 

M 

1 

35     ■ 

39 
/27  31  31  3l\ 
I     30               / 

32  30 

Gor  7.... 
Hal  162... 

Haw  6 .  .  . 

Haw  7 .  .  . 

Hen  6 

Hod  1.... 
Hop  5. . . . 
Hut  4..  .  . 
Ill  1 

Joh  1» 

Ion  20 .  .  . 
Jor  1 

Kel  4a .  .  . 

Kim  1.... 

Lan  8 

Lau  2 

Lev  2 
Lex  \ 
Llo  4 ...  . 

34 

39 
/35  32  35  29\ 
I     30               / 

36 

35  36 

38 

35  35  27 
33 

39  35  34  33 

36 

37 

36  41 

34  32  S 

29  35  35 

30 

36 

34  30 

47  36  36 

34 

46  38  38  36 

33  36  32  31 

37 

29  29  27  33 

30 

42  35 

39 

31 

39 

35  38  37  37 

39 

38  32 

(M  (t)  M  Ml 
I     31               / 

34 

S 

25 

40 

S 

34 

M 

40 

M 

M 

36  39 

37 

27 

Loe  A. . 

56 

40  36 
34  34 

36  35  37 

'41  36  40  37\ 
.     33               / 

Mar  22. . 

M 
M 

Mi 

M 

M 

M 

4* 
M 

Mas  3. .  .  . 

Mat  13. .  . 
Mer  8 

37 
{ 

1 

1 

162 


APPENDIX. 


Table  X. — Medium  X  medium  matings  and  their  progeny — Continued. 


File 
ref. 


Mou  2 .  . 
Mur  A . . 
McC12. 

McP  A4 . 

Nes  1 .  .  . 
Nor  6..  . 
Obr  1 . . . 
Old  2 . .  . 
Osb4..  . 
Pag  2... 
Pai  2 .  .  . 
Pat  5 .  . . 
Pan  3 .  . . 
Pot  5 . . . 
Pro  1 . . . 
Ras  1 . . . 
Ric  9 .  .  . 
Ric  11.. 
Rig  1 .  .  . 
Riz  11.  . 
Rue  1 . .  . 


Rup  1..  . 

Sam  3C.  . 
Sch  11.. 
Sco  3 .  .  . 
She  6 .  .  . 
Sle3.... 
Smi  33 . . 
*Smi 


Sto  13. 


Sut 3 

Tag  A. . . . 

Tet  A5.  .  . 

Tor  1 

Van  13... 
VibA.... 

War  3. .  .  . 

Whi  17... 
Whi22... 
You  2.... 
A-01  :26. 


Male 
children. 


29 
35  30 


36  32  34  33 
35  35  39  37 

32  41  33  33 
33 

38 
33 

34  32 
36 

28  (t)  41  33 

33  38 

35  32 

36  40  35 

37  39 

36  33  33 

32 

40 

34  32 


Female 
children. 


35  34  33  27 
31  40  38  36 

31  30 
30  30 
35  38  36 


37  34  40 
36  36  36  37 


33  ± 

31  30 

43 

49*43  36  30 

35  39 

40  35 
39  31 
30  31  32  30 

33  33 
33  31 
34 
34 


34 


33 

32  36 

51  37 

41 

35 

33  35  33 
25  30  31 
35 

31 

31  31 
34 
36 


36  39 

30 

37 

30  32 

30  29  34  28 


:;.j  .::; 


36 
33 
45 

33  35  34 
31  32  31  36 
39 

38  38  36  38 
34 


31  34 
41  49  30 
36  34 


32  30  32  36 


31 

37 

29  41  39 


31 
32 
33 

36 

32 
33 
35 
33 
36 
34 
34 
32 
34 
34 
33 
34 
32 
33 
33 
31 
31 

32 

33 
31 
36 
34 
32 
34 
35 

33 

31 

36 

34 

33 

32 
33 


33 
32 
34 
33 


FF. 


S 

38 

M 

M 


M 


34 


33 

F 

M 

S 


34 


30± 

33 
34  ± 

32 


37 
37 
42 
32 
33 
34 
S 


36 


32 

35t 
41 

33 

35 

41 
38 


FM. 


M 
31 

S 


M 


34 


30 
M 

S 

s 


40 


32 
31 
M 
36 


35 
33 
39 


33 

S 
F 


36 


34 

31 
33 

St 

32 

27 
34 


Father's 
sibs. 


4tt 
37  37 


41  36  34  40 
40  31  33437 


41 


47  36  36 

65 

7  avg.  build 
or  above. 


33  33  40 


M. 


36 
31 
32 

31 

34 
36 
36 
33 
31 
36 
32 
33 
36 
34 
32 
31 
34 
32 
36 
33 
36 

32 

31 
32 
31 
31 
31 
31 
33 

35 

36 

31 

34 

34 

35t 

31 

32 

33 
36 
36 
35 


MF. 


30t 
33 

S 

38 


M 


M 
29 
M 
M 

Mt 


40 


S 

38 

M 

S 


35 
M 
36 
33 
35 
39 

S 

M 

34 

38 

32 

37 
30 

41 

35 
31 
39 


MM 


50 
33 
F 

47 


29 

F 

S 

M 

28 

33 


40 
33 
M 

M 


32 

44 
41 
M 

S 


M 

S 

F 
M 

37 
31 

27 
28 


26 

40 
44 
31 


Mother's 
sibs. 


4tt 

40  32  31  28 


36  33  29  40 


F  F(t)  39 


S  M 


34  32  40  38 
31  37 


Avg.  or  under 


30 


Average  build  of  parents  (excluding  family  with  *),  33.23. 
Number  of  matings,  92  +  1*  =  93. 

Total  No.  of  progenv,  327  +  1*  +  4  non-quantitative  =  332. 

VS    S    M     F     VF 

Classification  of  progeny 2     40  201     82     7 

Proportional  frequency  per  mille 6  121  605  247  21 


1  MM  and  MF  were  first  cousins. 
!  FF  and  FM  were  first  cousins. 
»  Weak  lungs. 

*  Spinal  trouble. 

1  *  has  undersized  wife  and  2  children; 
male,  build  49;  female,  build  46. 

•  M  and  F  were  first  cousins. 


APPENDIX. 


Kile 
ref. 


Ade  1 . 
Ale  2. 


Bal  5 .  . 
Bar  2  I 
Beb  2. . 
lien  11. 
Bit  3».  . 
Bio  1 .  . 
Bot  1 .  . 
Bro  23 . 
B  o  34. 
Cam  B. 
Cam  5.  , 
Car  17. 
Cas  9 .  . 
Cha  7.. 
Cha  12. 
Che  7.. 
Cle  2 .  .  . 
Col  14 .  . 
Con  IP. 
Cra  1 1 . 
Cra  14.. 
Cri  1 . . . 
Cur  5.  . 
Dan  A . 
Dav  6.. 
Dea  1 . . 
Dem  1 . 
Dra  9..  . 
Ebe  1 . .  . 
Edm  2 .  . 

Eil  A  .  .  . 

Eng3..  . 
Eva  7.  .  . 
Flo  2 .  .  . 
Fou  1 .  .  . 
Fri  5...  . 
Pri  9...  . 
Glu  1 .  . . 
Goo  4..  . 
( 1 1  a  4  .  .  . 
Hal  12  .  . 
Bal  17. 
Hal  22 . 
Bed  G... 
Hen  3. . , 
Hen  11. 


Hor  5.  .. 

Jac  3 . . . . 

Jon  12. . 
Jen  9 . . . 
Kel6.  .  . 
Ken  2. . . 
Kin  10. 
Kle  A . . 
Kuh2.. 
Lan  11. 
Lar  A. . 
Lov  2. . 
Lut  1.  . 


Table  XI.— Medium    ■  fleshy  maUngt  and  Ok 


Male 

children. 


39 

32  37  36  36\ 

I     36  / 


29 

33 


38  38 

36  35  35  41 

35 

36  :;:;  33  30 

39 

17  45  45 

38 

32   3S   35 


36  35 
33 

30  32 
33 


36 

44 


30  30 
53 

33  32  32  32 

36  34 

30 

36  34 
38 

37  34 

33  33 

38  36 

31  33  32 
33  35  33 


■lo 
35 
36 

:;:;  33  32  33 
33  34 


31 

33 

Hi  38 

32  32  31  34 


37  34  41  32  \ 
33 

38  39  36 

33  35  33 
34 

34  31 


58  41 
41 


43  37 
31  29 
33  32  34  36 


I  1  male 
children. 


31 

28  31  33 

40 

33 

36 

.,.; 

35  37 

35 

3.S 

38  38  30 

34  36  40 

35  (t)  29 
30 


30  ■■■■■ 


36  38  32  33 

36  35 

34  49 

39 

32  36 

34  33 

35 

36  46  47 

32 

42  35 

36 

33 

37 


33 

33  36 

33  36 

34  37 

47 

34 

29 

44 

37 

37 

34 

31 

34 

31 

33 

37 

30 

31 

36  36 

34 

33 

37 

33  31   31 


I 


32 

•in 

38 

16 

11 

33 
39 
35 
40 
43 
34 
37 

31 
31 
37 
42 
31 
36 
42 
38t 

3  1 

41 

34 

31 
41 

34 
39 

41 

41 

31 
32 
31 

to 

38 

3! 

38 
43 

12 
12 
321 
J9± 
in 
35 

31 

35 


in 
38 
34 

37 
in 
10 
37 
34 


!   1 


40 
34 
41  ± 
35 
30 


M 

M 
31 


38 
33 

40 
37 

M 


F 
23 

S 

37 

28 


39 

M 


26 


39 
38 

M 


M 

ra  34 

29 


32 

M 
M 


Mi 
M 


40 

31 
M 


I". 
M 


34 

3  1 


I   M 


81 
34 

..1 

29 

1 

M 

38 


32 
32 

33 
4(1 
F 


M 
24 
M 

26 
33 


28 

S 

I 

3  1 


37 

1 
37 


30 


39 

- 

411 

17 


37 
M 

1 


1 


31 
1 


M 


36 

M 


M 
tt' 


tt 


tt 


tt 


34  35  33 


F  VF 


-'tt 


ttl. 


M. 


11 
31 

32 

34 

11 

31 
12 

11 


Ml 


- 

tt 
M 


1 


M 
M 


40 


tt 
30 

31 

1 


M 
M 


- 


M  M 


M 
M 


I 

M 
31 


M 

M 

I 


M 

41 

- 

M 

M 

•t'l 

•II 

- 

Ml 

M 


1   t 


164 


APPENDIX. 


Table  XI. — Medium  X  fleshy  matings  and  their  progeny — Continued. 


File 
ref. 


Met  1 .  . . 
Mer  4.  .  . 
Mey  5 . . . 
Mil  11.. 
Mil  23 .  . 

Mor  A .  . 

Mor  16.. 
Moy  1 .  . 

Mye  A .  . 

Mye  1 .  . 
iMcF  2 .  . 
McM  7. 
New  10. 
Nix  2 .  .  . 
NolB... 


*Ofi. 


Ole  1 .  .  . 
Pap  1 . . 
Pec  6 .  .  . 
Phi  A.  . . 
Pot  4 .  .  . 
Pri  63 .  .  . 
Pro  2 .  . . 
Pug  2.  .  . 
Re.i  S .  .  . 
Rob  12.  . 
Roe  3.  .  . 

Rog  A .  . 

Ryl  1 .  .  . 
Sar  24..  . 

Sau  A . . . 

Sch  12. . 
Sey  1 .  . . 

Sid  1 .    . . 

Smi20.  . 
Spi5... 
Spi  7.... 
Sta  75.  .  . 
Str  7.... 
Tho  22 . . 
Thr  3 .  .  . 
Tra  4°. .  . 
Van  10.  . 
Van  12.. 
Voo  1 .  .  . 
Voo  A..  . 
Wak  1 .  . 
Wan  2 .  . 
Wil  10.  . 

Wil22\. 

Win  7... 
Woo  8 .  . 
Wri  3 .  .  . 

You  A .  . 

Zee  1 .  . . 


Male 
children. 


40 

37 

36 

34  32  34 

37 

42 

37 
35 

42  36  54 

32  34 
32  39  36 


32  41 
35  38 

41  38 


34  31 
32  34 


34  42 
32 

40  38 
35 

42  39  34  33 
32  32 

35  34 
32 

43  30  41  31 

37 
33 


33 
41 

35  33 

37§  37§  37 

36  35 


30 

38  42  41 

38 


37  53  47  :io 

35  38 

36 


38  40  37  34 

37 

34  M  35  M 
40 

36  36  41  35 
32 
I  38  35 
33 
34  32 

35 

32 


Female 
children. 


36 


34  36 
40  32 
34 

42  41  43  29 


35 


32  35  32  33 

28 

26  32 


32  33 

38  28 


44 


38 
32 
36 


39 
29  37 

30 

35  35  32 


30  30 

31  31 

40 


S  S  28  50 

36  30  33 

36 

36 

32 

33  32 

36 

39  36  32 


30  35  32 
29  32  33 


39 

34 

38  40  34 

40 

31 


34 
38 
38 
32 
38 

34 

36 
42 

43 

43 
39 
39 
34 
40 
34 

33 

35 

38 
31 
33 
33 
37 
43 
34 
31 
34 
33 

33 

36 
34 

41 

34 
37 

36 

37 
39 
34 
34 
40 
37 
38 
39 
34 
42 

31 

33 

37 

41 


41 
32 
39 

43 

41 


FF. 


40 

M 


30 

43 

M 
M 


42 
28 


S 
S 


S 

s 


37 
32 
35 
35 
M 
37 
32 
32 
28 

36 


M 


31 

S 


37 
31 
35 
34 
34 
36 
39 
32 
33 


M 

S 
38 

M 


M 


FM. 


S 

s 


37 
34 

M 

S 

37 
35 


F 

M 

F 


VF 

M 
36 

27 

34 

28 

28 

F 

34 

38 

28 

46 

28 


Father's 
sibs. 


M. 


4  weak 


50  44 
39 


39  39l 


f46  42  37  36 
\  31  27 


3ft 
27 

6F  VF. 


46  38  30  38 


30  29 


tt 
36  43 


F  I 


36  36  36  32 
30 


29t 
39 
29 
28 
23 
28 
23 
25 
38 


M 
F 


M 

M 

38 
M 


34 


39 
34 
32 
43 
33 

38 

37 

34 

34 

32 
32 

36 
37 
32 
37 


MF. 


39 
M 


37 

31 

42 

39 

39 

33t 

33 

38 

40 

39 

40 

38 

39 
43 

34 

40 
33 


38 

33 
32 
37 
43 
32 
32 
31 
32 
38 
36 

43 

40 
35 
34 

39 

35 

;;s 
34 

36 

34 


40 
32 

31 

S 

35 

36 
35 
M 

S 
M 


42   S 


M 
32 
39 
42 
29 
30 
M 
36 
40 
46 
34 

34 


32 

41 

30 

41 

33 


34 
M 
37 
38 
35 
M 
37 
35 


32 

S 


M 

S 

40 

M 


MM. 


36 


44 

S 


26 

31 

50 
M 

30 

33 
27 

S 
S 
M 


M 
37 
25 
44 
43 
30 
M 
30 
41 
34 
31 

34 


Mother's 
sibs. 


tt 


32  30  32 

tt 


34  34  37  40 
32  30 


4tt 

31  34 

/  VF  36,  M 
\VF  M   M  43 


54  51 


53 


3o 

M 

M 


36  37  38  39 
36  30 


2tt 

/54  30  39  31 
1      32  32 


37 
M 
44 
34 
32 
31 
30 
42 


44 

M 
F 


M 

M 
47 
M 

37 

33 


2  F 


VF 


All  nervous 


f40  36  33  37 
\     40 


Average  build  of  parents  (excluding  family  with  *),  36.45. 
Number  of  matings,  114  +  1*  =  115. 

Total  number  of  progeny,  340  +  2*  +  4  non-quantitative  =  340. 

S    M      F    VF 

Classification  of  proeeny 31  210     S8  17 

Proportional  frequency  per  rnille 90  606  255  49 


1  MF  and  MM  were  first  cousins. 
1  F  and  M  were  first  cousins. 
'  FF  and  FM  were  first  cousins. 
♦  F  and  M  were  first  cousins. 
6  §  and  §  were  twins. 

'F  and  M  were  first  cousins. 

:MF  and  MM  were  first  cousins. 


File 
ref. 


Ada  7 
Arm  5. 

Arm  G. 

Bau  1. 

Bei  1  .  . 


Ber  A 


Bow  A 


Cam  7. 


Car,  2 


Dre  3 .  . 
Dun  1.. 
For  A 
Gif  2 ... 
Hav  9.  . 
Hoa  A  . 
Hor  6.  . 
Ing  3.  . 

Mer  A . 

McG  5. 
Oat  1 .  . 
01e2.  . 
Ran  5. . 
Ran  7. 
Rio  25 . 
Sch  A.. 
Sch  26. 
Sev  1  . . 
War  16 

Wey  A 

Win  6. . 


APPENDIX. 

Table  XII. — Medium    ■    very  fieahy  me 


UiS 


Male       Female 
children.     <l>ildron. 


40 

31  32 
/35  39  39 
\  33 

30 

32  35 

79  103  45 
50  39 

42  35  39 

38  25  27 


in 


35  40 
37 

39  40 
37  35 
39 

33  44 

34  38 
39 

45  35  33  33 
29 


35 
37 

45  39 
34  37 
39 

46  40  46 


31  36  32  34 
35  38 

45  43  37 

34 


34 

3S 

30 
29  32 

41  39 
32  45  31 


f.«t  33  39 
\  43 


37  43  34  38 

49  35  34 

34 

32 

25  29 

34 

32  31 

34  45  30 

35 

31 

33 

34  4f>  34 

31  36  37  37 


52  50  is 
33  36 


32  32 
35  37  41 
35 


is 
19 

36 

33 

15 


32 

51 

35 

36 
57 
47 
35 
36 
36 
44 
45 

45 

51 
35 
45 
46 
33 
34 
33 
53 
46 
32 

45 

17 


Average  build  of  parents,  40.6S 

Number  of  matings  30. 

Total  number  of  progeny,  112. 


1  I 


M 

I J 

35 


41 

12 

S 


41 


S 


M 
31 
M 

F 
36 


M 
37 
M 

38 

M 


I  M 


- 
II 

M 


M 


26 

15 
S 


38 
42 

M 


25 
53 


1 

30 

F 

S 

M 

31 

33 

s 

39 

S 

30 

42 


33  33  40 


25 


37    I- 


13  30  30 

32    H   37 


M 


Ml 


4s 


I", 

50 

;i 
321 

.'.l 
i'. 

I". 

31 

ii 

5  1 
II 


M 
M 

1 


II 
M 


M 
35 


M 

M 
!  ' 
M 

M 

1 


M  M 


M 


M 


M 


M 

l 
- 


M 


\  1 
( Haasifioation  <>f  progeny 
Proportional  frequency  per  mitle..  iv 


166 


APPENDIX. 


Table  XIII.— Fleshy 

X  fles 

hy  matings  and  their 

•  -progeny. 

File 
ref. 

Male 
children. 

1 

Female 
children. 

F. 

FF. 

FM. 

Father's 
sibs. 

M. 

iMF. 

MM. 

Mother's 
sibs. 

Ben  9 

Beh  A. .  .  . 

Bur  14... 

Bur  21.  .  . 

But  2 

Cat  1 

Cla  12 .  .  . 

Dar  7 

Dol  3 

Elm  A .  .  . 

Fea  2 

For  A 

Hor  1 

Hod  A .  .  . 

Jam  A.  .  . 

Jen  7 .  .  .  . 

Jon  lie1  . 

Lan  A 

Lie  2 
Lin  8 ...  . 
Mar  20... 
McW  2... 

Nel  5 

*Pal2 

Pie  1 

Pit  1 

37  35  36 

/43  37  32  31*1 
\  29  47    / 
34 

31  36 

40 

33  38  34 

38 

38 

33  36  36 

42  32 

32  33  30 
39  39  32 

35  35 

(51  29  42  47) 
\  42  47  43  / 

45  34  34 

39 

37  39  37 

51 
39 

36  36 
36 

39  41  38  38 
(37  38  35  35) 
I  35      / 

M  M 

40  40 

31  35  34  34 
30 

34 

(37  32  34  4l\ 
t  29       ( 

36 

42  40 

43  35  35 
47  26  44 

32  34 

/35  34  36  36\ 
I  29       / 
30 

52  49  28  29 

37 

40 

39 

37 

42 
38 
37 
37 
40 

37 

43 

36 

37 

42 

39 
43 

39 

37 
40 
38 
40 
40 

39 

43 

39 

43 

38 
39 
37 
37 
39 
38 

39 

42 

33 

43 

37 

30 

36 
32 
36 
42 
36 

33 
33 
M 

32 

39 

M 

40 

39 
38 
31 

39 

40 

39 

37 

41 
38 
37 
42 
40 

40 

37 

39 

43 

38 

38 
38 

39 

40 
40 
43 
39 
37 

42 

40+ 

43 

39 

39 
37 
43 
39 
38 
40 

39 

37 

39 
37 

35 

33 
40 
38 
37 
37 

32 

36 

30 

47 

29 

30 

38 

M 

39 
40 
31 
42 
41 

30 

36 

35 

S 
37 

40  39  45 

/YF  VF  40 
\  27  35 

ltt 

2  t 

38 
40 
34 
29 

S 

(29  29  27  28\ 
\     27  28  27  J 

(32  31  32  30 
\  54  25  30 

31  28  49 

43  41 
42  38  36 

•  17  40  37  40\ 
\     44>  35'  42/ 

29 

41  49  41  36 

M 

29 

37 
M 
M 
36 
36 

34 

F2 

F 

S 

M 

36 

36 

F 

M 

39 

27 

40 

S 

49 

37 
M 

("36  31  43  44 1 
•|34  33  33  38  [ 
139        J 
29  36  37 

M 

37 

43 

30 

S 

33 

33 

34 

M 

42 

37 
41 
M 
36 
37 

34 

(36  34  37  35 
\  34  37 

35 

38  36 

26 
24 

31 

M! 

M 

F 

M 
40 
37 
M 
M 
M 

34 

44 

36  35  36  42) 
I  34      / 

61  + 

43  40 

(37  29  37  301 
\  29       / 

37  40 
42 

:u\   33  35  35 
37 

(41  40  28  43l 

M 

150 

M 
37 
36 
M 
M 

F 

S 

M 
43 
37 
M 
M 

F  S 

ft 

Rat  1 

Sle2 
Smi  40 .  .  . 

45  40 
37 

Svr  1 

Tel  1 

Thr  la..  . 

Thr  2 .  .  .  . 

Wil  153. . . 

35 

47  36  36 

43  38  38 

53  30  38 

39  53  42§35§ 

5  brothers  M 
(39  37  46  50) 

42  42  40 
44  44  44 
35  34 

38 

M 

38 
31 

135  50  35  351 

27 

Average  build  of  parents  (excluding  family  with  *), 

Number  of  matings,  33  +  1*  =  34. 

Total  number  of  progenv.  156  +  3*  =  159. 

S    M      F 

Classification  of  progeny 15     62     61 

Proportional  frequency  per  mille 94  390  3S4 


J9.21. 


VF 

21 
132 


1  Feeble-minded. 

•  FF's  sibs  fleshy;  FM's  sibs  are  M. 
'§  and  §  are  twins. 


TABLE  XIV. 


107 


Tahi.i.    XIV,      /'■'■   //.v    •    i  ■ 


File 
ref. 


*Ber' 


Bol  P.. 
Bro  10. 
Cen  2.. 

(la  16.  . 
Cla  25.  , 
Dan  B . 
Ebe2.. 

Ekh  1 . . 

Elm  B. 

*Fazs .  .  . 


Flo  3 .  . 

Oil  A.  . 
GouA. 
Ore  7*.. 

Ougl.. 
Hal  8.. 


Lou  L 

*Lyn . . 


M.-L  A. 


*Mor. 


Per  A . 

Pon  1. 

*Rec... 


*Rec... 

Rei  7.  . 
♦Rid* .  . 

Saw  A  . 

3cb  B. 


S  i    L8 
Voi  i«. 


*Wen' 
•Whe. 

Van  : 


Male 
children. 


i  i  i 
rhildron. 


(100  38  50 
[     84>  34 

39 

40 

33  39 

36  33 

39 

32  32 


41  46  4S  43 


/39  42  39  42\ 
\     40 


VF« 
'39  42  : 

40 
53  39 
40  35 
12  37  38 
43  33  33  34 
36  35  33 


34 

43 

30 

35 

33 

34 

51 

31 

37 

36 

16 

51    17 

:;:  .... 

47 

■ 


F  M  31  35 
39  46 

43  35  46  32 


Moo  11.  . 
Nic  5 .  .  .  . 
Oel  A.... 
Pan  2 


38 

42  35  33 

39  35  44 


38 


53  34  VF 

40 
31  34 

S  47 

48 


34  43 


} 


(41  38  34  38 

I     30 

34 


I.",  30  42  38 
\45  30  31  31/ 

/S  52  46  F 
1     VS 

47  35 

53 

38 

27 

1! 
42  33 

.",7  .  : 

30 
(40  49  VF 


F  S 


5.3. .< 


51  35  35 

P  36  46 

HI    12  42  40'| 


44 


/ 


i.; 


36  35 

31 
r44  32  35 

31 
48 

12  33  38 


1 


50 

10 

in 
41 

18 

40 
41 
:>() 
38 

38 
37 
38 
44 

38 


38 

VF 

40 

41 
38 
46 

.-,1 

45 

F 

40 
44 

I  I 

13 

:.l 

Pi 
52 


I  1 


l 
M 

45 

M 
M 


12 


F 

n 


39 


1' 


46 


- 

72 

B« 


37 

M 

i-r 
n 


I  \i 


M 
27 


M 
M 


12 
28 


-il 


M 


- 

-  B 
51   •".-•    15 
F F  ]    I 


M 


32 


F 


17 

.'.I 
48 

II 

ll 

is 


I  :;: 


35       

:;t       13    I-'    U 


F  1 


M 

r 


F 

M 


1 
•".I 


1J 


47 

!1 

r 


Average  build  of  parents  (excluding families  with*) 
Total  Dumber  of  matings,  29  ■{  '.,3,:  ■ 
Total  number  of  progeny,  100  +  40*  -  1  W 


M 

M 

M 

r 

M 

■ 

M 

M    ! 

t 

^ 

M 

M 

1    I 

Pro] 


'Slender  as  a  child. 

'All  show  hiatorj  of  ohsnce  (inoreaae)  i>f  «oi«lit. 
1  VF  till  17  years;  now  thin;  fMF  sibs  F  F  ! 
'Five  children  died  in  infancy 


ihy  sister 


168 


APPENDIX. 


Table  XV. — Very  fleshy  X  very  fleshy  matings  and  their  progeny  (using  adjusted  indices). 


File 

ref. 


BowB. 

Bow  2.. 
Bry  A.. 
Cat  3 .  . 

Dal  A. . 

Dud  A. 
Smi  36. 


Male 
children. 


50  37  45 

32  32  44 

47  32  33 
36  39  47  34 
35 

45  40  50  46 

51  31 

35 


Female 
children. 


47  40  42 

31  34 

39 

36 

34  32 


F. 

FF. 

FM. 

45 

45 

38 

45 

34 

57 

45 

43 

44 

39 

35 

49 

48 

49 
46 

36  t 

34  t 

Father's 
sibs. 


47  44  52  49 

52 
46  38  49 


134  31  30  471 
\  35  38  29  / 
33 


M. 


48 

48 
46 
51 

53 

51 
44 


MF. 


36 

41 
31 
42 

64 


46 


MM. 


23 
32 


49 


40 


Mother's 
sibs. 


35  35  35  38 
50 

t  32  36  38 


Average  build  of  parents,  47.45. 
Number  of  matings,  7. 
Total  number  of  progeny,  30. 


M      F      VF 

Classification  of  progeny 14       6     10 

Proportional  frequency  per  mille.  .  .467  200  333 


TABLK    \\  I. 


Y\b[,e  XVI.— Indices  of  btaid,  weight  i  stature*,  for  ta  ightefrom  tOOto 

statures  from  66  t<>  78  inches  mid  !  ',<i  I,,  198  >„,      h 
[Reduction  from  English  t<>  metric  u 


*H£S£::::: 

100 

105 

110 

115 

120 

1 26 

180 

135 

140 

146 

1  4536 

4763 

1 

5216 

5443 

6670 

6124 

8677 

Stature 

Stat.' 

30.';, 

3306 

3471 

3636 

3802 

8967 

1 1 : ;  ■ 

1298 

1952 
3136 

2324 

2110 

2557 

2673 

2780 

3021 

56  in 

;;i.vi 

33  IS 

3.507 

3667 

3827 

3986 

n  1 .", 

3027 

1464 

3130 

3281 

MM 

2023 

2242 

2:;:.  i 

2166 

2578 

21190 

2  so  2 

2915 

57  in 

3240 

3078 

3232 

33M> 

3540 

3893 

3X47 

4001 

1 1 .',.-, 

3O30 

8138 

l'. 17 

1771 

1448  mm 

2096 

2164 

2272 

2380 

2489 

2705 

2818 

5  s  in. .  .  . 

3364 

2973 

3121 

3270 

3419 

3567 

3716 

:;sr  i 

1018 
2821 

1162 

3031 

2170 

2090 

2195 

2299 

2404 

2508 

27 1 7 

59  in 

3481 

2873 

3016 

3160 

3304 

3  117 

11  >'f  mm 

2246 

2020 

2121 

2222 

2323 

2  12  1 

2525 

BO  in 

3600 

277S 

2917 

3056 

3194 

3333 

3172 

3611 

3750 

2323 

1   1953 

2051 

2 14X 

2246 

2343 

2441 

27.31 

61  in    

3721 

2687 

2822 

2956 

3091 

3359 

3494 

1031 

2401 

IS90 

lost 

2078 

2173 

2267 

2362 

2456 

2561 

B2   in   

3844 

2601 

2732 

2X62 

2992 

3122 

8512 

LIS  1 

1829 

1920 

2012 

2103 

2195 

22X6 

237s 

27  1 1 

63  in 

3969 

2520 

2646 

2771 

2897 

3023 

3149 

3275 

3401 

1 

L600  mm 

2561 

1771 

1S60 

1949 

2037 

2126 

221  I 

2391 

2480 



4096 

2441 

2563 

2686 

2808 

2930 

3052 

3174 

32'. '6 

1626  mm 

2643 

1716 

1802 

1SSS 

1971 

2060 

21  16 

2231 

2317 

2103 

65  in 

4225 

2367 

2  1s.-, 

2604 

2722 

2840 

3077 

3195 

3314 

2726 

1664 

1747 

1831 

191  1 

L997 

21 181 1 

216.3 

22  17 

2413 

(»(>  in. .  .  . 

4356 

2810 

2296 

1614 

2410 
1695 

2525 

1775 

26  to 
1856 

2755 
1937 

2X70 
2018 

2984 
2098 

321  1 

2260 

2121 

1676  mm.    .  .  . 

fi7  in 

4489 
2896 

2228 
1566 

2339 

1645 

2150 
1723 

2562 

1801 

2673 
1 870 

2785 
1958 

2111 

3110 

227  1 

68  in 

4624 

2«.  i\:; 

2163 
1521 

2271 
1597 

2379 
1673 

2487 
1749 

2595 
1 825 

2703 

1901 

28 1 1 
1977 

1727  mm 

ti'.t  in.    . 

4761 
3072 

2100 
1477 

2205 
1551 

2310 

1624 

2415 
1898 

2520 
1772 

2625 
1845 

2731 
1020 

1994 

2941 

2111 

3161 

7<i  in 

4900 
3161 

2041 
1  135 

2143 
1507 

2245 

1578 

2347 
1650 

2440 

1722 

2551 

1793 

1937 

2857 

'     '     '   1 

71  in. . 

5041 
3252 

1984 
1395 

2083 

1461 

2 1 82 
1534 

22X1 
1601 

23X0 
1674 

2480 
1743 

2570 

1813 

1883 

2777 
1953 

1803  mm 

72  in..  .  . 

5184 
3345 

1929 
1 356 

2025 

1421 

2122 

1  192 

22  is 
1560 

2315 
1627 

2411 
1695 

2508 

1  763 

1831 

2701 

1967 

_.. ,.  „ , 

1829  mm 

73  in 

5329 
3438 

1877 

1319 

1970 

i:;s;, 

2064 
1  151 

2158 
1517 

2252 

1583 

2346 

L840 

2439 
1715 

1781 

isir 

1913 

1  1  1  '. 

1854  mm 

74  in. . 

5476 

1826 
1284 

1917 
L348 

2029 
14  12 

2100 

1177 

2191 

1 :,  1 1 

22X3 

1805 

237  1 

1660 

1733 

1797 

1X80  mm 

7"i  m 

5625 

3629 

1778 
1250 

1867 
1312 

1956 
L375 

2(  1 1  1 
1  137 

2133 
1500 

2222 

1562 

2311 
1625 

2400 

K. -7 

2489 

17.50 

1812 

76  in.  .  . 

5778 

3726 

1731 
1217 

1818 

127S 

l'.UIl 

1339 

1991 

1400 

2078 

1161 

216  1 
1522 

2251 
1582 

2337 

2424 
1704 

2810 

1930  nun 

77  in. .  . 

5929 

3825 

1687 
1186 

1771 

12  1.-, 

1 855 
L304 

1940 
1364 

2021 
1  123 

2108 

1  1S2 

2193 
1  5  1 1 

2277 
1601 

1710 

177'' 

7S  in.    . 

COM 
392.-. 

1641 
1156 

1726 

1213 

1S0X 
1271 

1890 

1329 

1972 

1387 

2055 

1  ii:, 

2137 

1802 

2210 

161S 

'  %  1  s 

1981  mm 

17 

0 

APPENDIX. 

Table  XVI. — Indices  o 

/  build,  weight  -4-  stature1,  for  weights  from  100  to  225  pounds  and  454  to  102  kg.  and 

statures  from 

55  to  78  inches  and  lJfi  to  198 

cm. — Continued. 

[Reduction 

af  index  from  English  to  metric  system  effected  by  the  factor  0.70308.] 

*-*{££■:: 

1 
170 

175 

180 

185 

190  1  195 

200 

205 

210 

215 

220  : 

225 

1  pound 

I 
5  lbs.  I 

7711 

7938 

8165 

8392 

8618   8845 

9072 

9299 

9526 

9752 

9979 

10206 

45.4 

227 

centg. 

centg.  , 

■ 

Stature 

Stat.* 

3025 

5620 

5785 

5950 

6116 

6281 

6446 

6612 

6777 

6942 

7107 

7273 

7438 

33.055  165.27 

1397  mm.  . 

1952 

3951 

4067 

4184 

4300 

4416 

4532 

464S 

4765 

4831 

4997 

5113 

5230 

2324.0  11102.09 
31.888  159.47 

56  in 

3136 

5421 

5580 

5740 

5899 

6059 

6218 

6378 

6537 

6696 

6856 

7015 

7175 

1422  mm.  . 

2023 

3811 

3923 

4036 

4148 

4260 

4372 

4484 

4596 

470S 

4820 

4932 

5044 

2242.0 

1121.0 

57  in 

3249 

5232 

5386 

5540 

5694 

5848 

6002 

6155 

6310 

6464 

6617 

6771 

6925 

30.779 

153.841 

1448  mm.  . 

2096 

3679 

3787 

3895 

4002 

4112 

4220 

4328 

4436 

4544 

4653 

4761 

4869  [2164.0 

1082.0 

58  in 

3364 

5054 

5202 

5351 

5499 

5648 

5797 

5945 

6094 

6240 

6391 

6543 

6688   29.737 

148.64  i 

1473  mm.  . 

2170 

3553 

3658 

3762 

3867 

3971 

4076 

4180 

4285 

4389 

4494 

4598 

4703  12090.0 

1045.0 

59  in 

3481 

4884 

5027 

5171 

5315 

5458 

5602 

5745 

5589 

6033 

6176 

6320 

6464   28.727 

143.64  l 

1499  mm.  . 

2246 

3434 

3535 

3636 

3737 

3838 

3939 

4040 

4141 

4242 

4343 

4444 

4545  2020.0  i 1010.0  j 

60  in 

3600 

4722 

4861 

5000 

5139 

5278 

5417 

5556 

5694 

5833 

5972 

6111 

6250  j  27.7781  138.89 

1524  mm.  . 

2323 

3320 

3418 

3515 

3613 

3711 

3808 

3906 

4004 

4101 

4199 

4297 

4394  ,1953.0   9765.0 

61  in 

3721 

4569 

4703 

4847 

4972 

5106   5241 

5375 

5509 

5344 

5778 

5912 

6947  I  26.874;  134.37 

1549  mm.  . 

2401 

3212 

3307 

3401 

3496 

3590  |  3684   3779 

3874 

3968 

4062 

4157 

4251  1890.0  I944S.0 

62  in 

3844 

4422 

4553 

4683 

4813 

4943 

5073   5203   5333 

5463 

5593   5723 

5853  '  26.015'  130.08  * 

1575  mm.  . 

2480 

3109 

3201 

3292 

3384 

3475 

3567  j  3658   3750 

3841 

3932  i  4024 

4115  1829.0   9145.0  1 

63  in 

3969 

4283 

4409 

4535 

4661 

4787 

4913   5039  |  5165 

5291 

5417  i  5543 

5669    25.195  125.98,  ( 

1600  mm.  . 

2561 

3011 

3100 

3189 

3277 

3366 

3454  |  3543 

3631 

3720 

3809 

3897 

3986  1771.0   8857.0  , 

64  in 

4096 

4150 

4272 

4395 

4517 

4639 

4716  i  4883 

5005 

5127 

5249 

5371 

5493  |  23.414!  122.07; 

1626  mm.  . 

2643 

2918 

3004 

3090 

3175 

3261 

3347 

3433 

3519 

3605 

3690 

3776 

3862  il716.0   8582.0 

65  in 

4225 

4024 

4142 

4260 

4379 

4497 

4615 

4734 

4852 

4970 

5089 

5207 

5325  i  23.669!  118.35 

1651  mm.  . 

2726 

2829 

2912 

2995 

3079 

3162 

3245 

3328 

3411 

3495 

357S  |  3661 

3744  1664.0   8320.0 

66  in 

4356 

3903 

4018 

4132 

4247 

4362 

4477  |  4591 

4706 

4821 

4936   5051 

5165  !  22.957  114.79 

1676  mm.  . 

2810 

2744 

2825 

2905 

2986 

3067 

3147 

3228 

3309 

3390 

3470  1  3551 

3632  (1614.0  ;8070.0  i 

67  in. 

4489 

3787 

3898 

4010 

4121 

4233 

4344 

4455 

4567 

4678 

4789 

4901 

5012  1  22.277 

111.39 

1702  mm.  . 

2896 

2663 

2741 

2819 

2898 

2976 

3054 

3132 

3211 

3289 

3367 

3446 

3524  j  1566.0 

7831.0 

68  in 

4624 

3676 

3785 

3893 

4000 

4109 

4217 

4325 

4433 

4542 

4650 

4758 

4866   21.626 

108.13 

1727  mm.  . 

2983 

2585 

2661 

2738 

2814 

2890 

2966 

3042 

3118 

3194 

3270 

3346 

3422  1521.0 

7603.0  i 

69  in 

4761 

3571 

3676 

3781 

3886 

3991 

4096 

4201 

4306 

4411 

4516 

4621 

4726  |  21.004 

105.02 

1753  mm.  . 

3072 

2510 

2584 

2658 

2732 

2806 

2880 

2954 

3027 

3101 

3175 

3249 

3323  i 1477.0 

73S4.0 

70  in 

4900 

3469 

3571 

3673 

3776 

3878 

3980 

4082 

4184 

4286 

4388 

4490 

4592  1  20.108 

102.04 

1778  mm.  . 

3161 

2439 

2511 

2583 

2654 

2726 

2798 

2870 

2941 

3013 

3085 

3157 

3228  1435.0 

7174.0 

71  in 

5041 

3372 

3472 

3571 

3670 

3769 

3868 

3967 

4067 

4166 

4265 

4364 

4463  ;   19.837 

99.19 

1803  mm.  . 

3252 

2371 

2441 

2511 

2580 

2650 

2720 

2789 

2859 

2929 

2999 

3068 

3138 

1395.0 

6974.0 

72  in 

5184 

3279 

3376 

3472 

3569  j  3665  |  3762 

385S 

3954 

4051 

4147 

4244 

4340 

19.290 

96.46 

1829  mm.  . 

3315 

2306 

2373 

2441 

2509 

2577   2645  |  2713 

2780 

2848 

2916 

2984 

3052 

1356.0 

6781.0 

73  in 

5329 

3190 

3284 

3378 

3472 

3565 

3659  1  3753 

3847 

3941 

4035 

4128 

4222 

18.765 

93.83 

1854  mm.  . 

3438 

2243 

2309 

2375 

2441   2507 

2573  ;  2639 

2704 

2771 

2937 

2903 

2969 

1319.0 

6597.0 

74  in. 

5476 

3104 

3196 

3287 

3378 

3470 

3561 

3652 

3744 

3835 

3926 

4018 

4109 

18.262 

91.31 

1880  mm.  . 

3533 

2183 

2247 

2311 

2375 

2439 

2504 

2568 

2632 

2696 

2760 

2S25 

2889 

12S3.9 

6424.0 

75  in 

5625 

3022 

3111 

3200 

3289 

3378 

3467 

3556 

3644 

3733 

3822 

3911 

4000 

17.778 

88.89 

1905  mm.  . 

3629 

2125 

2187 

2250 

2312 

2375 

2437 

2500 

2562 

2625 

2687 

2750 

2812 

1250.0 

6250.0 

76  in 

5776 

2943 

3030 

3116 

3203 

3289 

3376 

3463 

3549 

3636 

3722 

3809 

3895 

17.313 

86.57 

1930  mm.  . 

3726 

2069 

2130 

2191 

2252 

2313 

2373 

2435 

2495 

2556 

2617 

2678 

2739 

1217.0 

6086.0 

77  in 

5929 

2867 

2952 

3036 

3120 

3205 

3289 

3373 

3458 

3542 

3626 

3711 

!  3795 

16.866 

84.33 

1956  mm .  . 

3825 

2016 

2075 

2134 

2194 

2253 

2312 

2372 

2431 

2490 

2550 

2609 

2668 

1186.0 

5929.0 

78  in 

6084 

2794 

2876 

2959 

3041 

3123 

3205 

3287 

3369 

3452 

3534 

3616 

3698 

16.437 

82.19 

1981  mm.  . 

3925 

1965 

2022 

2080 

2138 

2196 

2253 

2311 

2369 

2427 

2485 

2542 

2600 

1155.0 

5778.0 

1 

i  \l;l.l.  XVII. 


171 


Table  XVII. — Equivalent  values  •>/  index  oj  b  old  ' 
stature,  English  system,  viz,  weight  +  stature;  UN  ighi  +  Btalu 

I  li 


Stature. 


55 

3025 

22434 

166375 

56 

3136 

23468 

175616 

57 

3249 

24529 

185193 

58 

3364 

25619 

195112 

59 

3481 

2673S 

205379 

60 

3600 

27**5 

216000 

61 

3721 

29062 

2269*1 

62 

3844 

30268 

238828 

63 

3969 

31503 

250047 

64 

4096 

32768 

262144 

65 

4225 

34063 

274625 

66 

4356 

35388 

287496 

67 

4489 

36744 

300763 

68 

4624 

38130 

314432 

69 

4761 

39095 

32*51 1'.» 

70 

4900 

40996 

343000 

71 

5041 

42476 

357911 


100 


1819 
3306 
4458 
6011 
1786 
3189 
4261 
5694 
1754 
3078 
4077 
5400 
1724 
2973 
3903 
5125 
1095 

2*7:; 

3740 
4869 
1667 
2778 
3586 
4630 
1639 
26S7 
3441 
4406 
1613 
2601 
3304 
4196 
1587 
2520 
3174 
:;'..w 
1563 
2441 
3052 
3815 
153S 
2367 
2936 
3641 
1515 
2296 
2826 
3478 
1493 
222* 
2722 
3325 
1471 
2163 
2623 
3180 
1449 
2100 
2558 
3044 
1429 
2041 
2439 
2916 
1408 
1984 
2354 
2794 


105 


1909 

3471 
4680 
6311 
1875 
3348 
4474 

L842 

3232 
4281 
5670 
1810 
3121 
4099 
5382 
1780 
3016 
3927 
5113 
1750 
2917 
3765 
4861 
1721 
2822 
30 13 
4626 
1694 
2732 
3469 
4406 
1667 
2646 
3333 
4199 
1641 
2563 
3204 
4005 
1615 
2485 
3083 
3823 
1591 
2410 
2967 
3652 
1567 
2338 
2858 
3491 
1544 
2271 
2754 
3339 
1522 
2205 
26*6 
3196 
1500 
2143 
2561 
3061 
1479 
2083 
2472 
2934 


110 


2000 

3636 
4903 

6612 
1964 
3507 

16*7 
6264 

3386 
4485 
5940 
1897 
3270 
4293 
5638 
1  st  14 
3160 
4114 
5356 
1833 
3056 
3945 
5093 
1803 
2956 
3785 
4846 
1774 
2862 
3634 
4616 
1746 
2771 
3492 
4399 
1719 
2686 
3357 
4196 
1692 
2604 
3229 
4006 
1667 
2525 
3108 
3826 
1642 
2450 
2994 
3667 
1618 
2379 
2**5 

3498 

1594 
2310 
2814 
3349 

1571 
2245 
2688 

3207 

15  1" 
2182 

3074 


115 


2091 
3802 

5126 
0912 
2054 
3667 
1900 
6548 
2018 
3540 
4f.*S 
6210 
L983 
3419 
4  1*9 
5894 
L949 
3304 
4301 
5599 
1917 
3194 
4124 
5324 
1**5 
3(191 
3957 
5067 
1855 
2992 
3799 
4825 
1825 
2*97 
3651 
4599 
1797 
2808 
3510 
4387 
1769 
2722 
3376 
4188 
1712 

2640 

325!  I 
4000 
L716 

3130 
3824 
1691 
21*7 
3016 
8667 
1667 

2  1  I  5 

2842 
3601 

1643 

2*U5 
3353 
L620 

22  si 
27d7 
3213 


L20 


21*2 

7213 
2143 

3*27 
5113 

2106 
3693 
4892 
6480 

4684 

2034 
3447 

5843 

3333 
4303 

191 ',7 
3225 
4129 

52*7 

3  122 

3965 
5035 
1905 
3023 
3809 
■1799 
1875 
2930 
3662 
4578 
1846 
2840 
3523 
4370 
1818 
2755 
3391 
1171 
1791 

2678 

3266 

2595 

3 1  1 7 

3*1  it 

2529 
3069 

1711 
2  1 19 

2"  2  7 

1690 
2826 


1  25 


7118 
2193 
3847 
6096 
6760 

2155 

3716 

4879 
6407 
2119 

4675 

2083 
3472 

5787 
2049 

1301 

2016 

52  15 

1984 

4999 
1953 

3815 
1768 

1923 

8670 

1552 
1*94 

3532 

1st -.6 

2786 
8402 

1888 

2793 

3975 
1812 

5197 

1786 

2551 

1761 


130 


7814 

1115 

:.:,  K  i 

702(1 
2211 
3S.,1 
5974 

3735 
4862 
6330 

3611 
1662 

2131 

1173 
5727 
2(i97 

5155 
2063 
3275 
4123 

51  MM 

2031 

3174 

4969 

2000 
3977 
2-17 
172. 1 
1970 
2984 
8674 

191H 
1912 

2811 

2731 

1  v-,7 
3171 

1 88 1 


sin 

2111 

1 1  :,:■ 

4913 
2288 

6573 

225H 

4841 

3628 
5948 

2177 
3512 

3401 
4285 

2199 

I  1  »  ' 
5159 
2977 

2046 

2016 

4119 
317s 


2114 
4162 

7175 
6021 

2  1  5  1 
4119 

2121 

|s7.i 


tut 


2417 


■ 


160 

164 

O 

.  -    1 

4  -  • 


s.  •    t 


6660 

r,  s.x.t 


681 


em 


4«10 


172 


APPENDIX. 


Table  XVII. — Equivalent  values  of  index  of  build  by  four  different  systems  of  ratios  between  weight  and  stature 
English  system,  viz,  weight  ■*■  stature;  weight  ■*■  stature2;  weight  ■*■  stature1-'0;  weight  +  stature*— Continued. 


Power  of 

stature. 

Stature. 

100 

105 

110 

115 

120 

125 

130 

135 

140 

145 

150 

155 

160 

165 

72 

72 

1389 

1458 

1528 

1597 

1667 

1736 

1806 

1875 

1944 

2014 

2083 

2153 

2222 

2292 

72» 

5184 

1929 

2025 

2122 

2218 

2315 

2411 

2508 

2604 

2701 

2797 

2894 

2990 

3086 

3183 

72»* 

43988 

2273 

2387 

2501 

2614 

2728 

2842 

2955 

3069 

3183 

3296 

3410 

3524 

3637 

3751 

72« 

373248 

2679 

2813 

2947 

3081 

3215 

3349 

3483 

3617 

3751 

3885 

4019 

4153 

4287 

4421 

73 

73 

1370 

1438 

1507 

1575 

1644 

1712 

1781 

1849 

1918 

1986 

2055 

2123 

2192 

2260 

73» 

5329 

1877 

1970 

2064 

2158 

2252 

2346 

2439 

2533 

2629 

2721 

2815 

2909 

3002 

3096 

73»» 

45531 

2196 

2306 

2416 

2526 

2636 

2745 

2855 

2965 

3075 

3185 

3295 

3404 

3514 

3624 

73» 

389017 

2571 

2699 

2829 

2956 

3085 

3213 

3342 

3470 

3599 

3727 

3856 

3984 

4113 

4242 

74 

74 

1351 

1419 

1486 

1554 

1622 

1689 

1757 

1824 

1892 

1959 

2027 

2095 

2162 

2230 

74» 

5476 

1826 

1917 

2029 

2100 

2191 

2283 

2374 

2465 

2557 

2648 

2739 

2831 

2922 

3013 

74».» 

47106 

2123 

2229 

2335 

2441 

2547 

2654 

2760 

2866 

2972 

3078 

3184 

3290 

3397 

3503 

74» 

405224 

2468 

2591 

2715 

2838 

2961 

3085 

3208 

3332 

3455 

3578 

3702 

3825 

3948 

4072 

75 

75 

1333 

1400 

1467 

1533 

1600 

1667 

1733 

1800 

1867 

1933 

2000 

2067 

2133 

2200 

75» 

5625 

1778 

1867 

1956 

2044 

2133 

2222 

2311 

2400 

2489 

2578 

2667 

2756 

2844 

2930 

752-8 

48714 

2053 

2155 

2258 

2361 

2463 

2566 

2669 

2771 

2874 

2977 

3079 

3182 

3285 

3387 

753 

421875 

2373 

2491 

2610 

2729 

2847 

2966 

3085 

3203 

3322 

3441 

3559 

3678 

3796 

3915 

76 

76 

1316 

1382 

1447 

1513 

1579 

1645 

1712 

1776 

1842 

1908 

1974 

2039 

2105 

2171 

76» 

5776 

1731 

1818 

1904 

1991 

2078 

2164 

2251 

2337 

2424 

2510 

2597 

2684 

2770 

2857 

76«» 

50355 

1986 

2085 

2185 

2284 

2383 

2482 

2582 

2681 

2780 

2880 

2979 

3078 

3177 

3277 

76» 

438976 

2278 

2392 

2506 

2620 

2734 

2848 

2961 

3075 

3189 

3303 

3417 

3531 

3645 

3759 

77 

77 

1299 

1364 

1429 

1494 

1558 

1623 

1688 

1753 

1818 

1883 

1948 

2013 

2078 

2143 

771 

5929 

1687 

1771 

1855 

1940 

2024 

2108 

2193 

2277 

2361 

2446 

2536 

2614 

2697 

2783 

77»-» 

52027 

1922 

2018 

2114 

2210 

2307 

2403 

2499 

2595 

2691 

2787 

2883 

2979 

3075 

3171 

77» 

456533 

2190 

2300 

2410 

2519 

2629 

2738 

2848 

2957 

3067 

3176 

3286 

3395 

3505 

3614 

78 

78 

1282 

1346 

1410 

1474 

1538 

1603 

1667 

1731 

1795 

1859 

1923 

1987 

2051 

2115 

78J 

6084 

1644 

1726 

1808 

1890 

1972 

2055 

2137 

2219 

2301 

2383 

2465 

2548 

2630 

2712 

78»-» 

53732 

1861 

1954 

2047 

2140 

2233 

2326 

2419 

2513 

2606 

2600 

2792 

2885 

2978 

3071 

78> 

474522 

2107 

2213 

2318 

2424 

2529 

2634 

2740 

2845 

2950 

3056 

3161 

3266 

3372 

3477 

I  ABLE  XVII. 


173 


Table  XVII.— Equivalent  valves  of  index  of  build  by  four  d\  ;> 

English  system,  viz,  weight  4-  stature;  weight  :-  etatvt 


Power  of 
stature. 

Stature. 

170 

175 

180 

185 

190 

L96 

200 

219 

215 

no 

55 

55 

3091 

3182 

3273 

8456 

8646 

8818 

B906 

90  91 

55' 

3025 

5620 

5785 

5950 

6116 

6281 

6446 

6612 

7197 

55»» 

22434 

7578 

7801 

8024 

8246 

8469 

8915 

9188 

■ 

881  s> 

65* 

166375 

10218 

10518 

HlNl'.l 

11195 

111211 

117211 

12021 

r 

.9  « 1  ,*J 

68 

56 

3036 

3125 

3214 

3304 

3393 

8482 

357  1 

3  7. V) 

56» 

3136 

5421 

55m  ) 

6740 

5899 

6069 

621s 

0696 

6866 

11   S"\^ 

66'» 

23468 

7244 

7457 

7670 

7883 

M  I'M, 

8309 

8786 

' 

56» 

175616 

9680 

9965 

10250 

10534 

10819 

11104 

11389 

11673 

1195s 

57 

57 

2982 

3070 

3158 

3246 

3333 

3421 

86  m 

57' 

3249 

S232 

"..•{.Mi 

6640 

.-.ti'.  M 

r,s4s 

6002 

8165 

6810 

6464 

57'» 

24529 

6931 

7134 

7338 

7.-,  12 

7746 

7950 

Sl  5  1 

8357 

v.... 

. 

. 

57» 

185193 

9180 

9450 

9720 

9990 

10260 

10530 

10800 

11070 

11840 

11610 

08  v."> 

888  w 

58 

58 

2931 

3017 

3103 

3190 

3276 

3448 

37(17 

M  .1 

68' 

3364 

5054 

5202 

5351 

549!) 

5648 

5797 

5945 

6014 

0688 

141  M 

68' •• 

25619 

6636 

6831 

7026 

7221 

7416 

7611 

7807 

MM  .2 

B197 

ao  on 

■ 

58« 

195112 

8713 

8969 

9226 

9482 

9738 

9994 

10251 

10607 

11019 

11276 

2M  26 

59 

59 

2881 

2966 

3051 

3136 

3220 

3305 

3590 

16  WW 

59' 

3481 

4884 

5027 

5171 

5315 

5458 

5602 

5745 

6176 

1 

59'- » 

26738 

6358 

6545 

6732 

6919 

7106 

7293 

7480 

7667 

7864 

59> 

205379 

8277 

8521 

8764 

9008 

9251 

B495 

9738 

9982 

1H712 

60 

60 

2833 

2917 

3000 

3083 

3167 

3250 

3333 

3417 

16  867 

60' 

3600 

4722 

•J  Mil 

5000 

5139 

5278 

5417 

5556 

5694 

6111 

- 

60' •» 

27ssf) 

6096 

6276 

6455 

6634 

6814 

6993 

7172 

7719 

9060 

60» 

216000 

7871 

8102 

8333 

8565 

8796 

902S 

9259 

9491 

9722 

9964 

4-.  886 

61 

61 

2787 

2869 

2951 

3033 

3115 

3197 

3279 

3861 

3143 

8688 

61' 

3721 

4569 

4703 

4837 

4972 

5106 

5241 

5875 

5609 

5644 

5778 

■ 

Bl».« 

29062 

;,s;,i  1 

6022 

6194 

6366 

I1.-.3S 

6710 

6SS2 

71 15  1 

722', 

77  12 

61» 

226981 

7490 

7710 

7930 

8151 

8371 

8591 

NS11 

9932 

'.'172 

• 

62 

62 

2742 

2823 

2903 

2984 

3i  if.;. 

3145 

3226 

62' 

3844 

4422 

4553 

4683 

4813 

49  13 

5073 

5333 

- 

62'-' 

30268 

5617 

5782 

5947 

•6112 

6277 

6443 

I'.I'.IIS 

6773 

7108 

i 

• 

62« 

238828 

7133 

7343 

7553 

7762 

7972 

S1S2 

8392 

ssll 

• 

008  80 

63 

63 

2698 

2778 

2857 

2937 

3016 

3095 

3175 

3251 

79.17 

63s 

3969 

4283 

4409 

4535 

It'.iil 

4787 

4913 

5039 

5291 

51  1  7 

. 

- 

63'» 

31503 

5396 

5555 

5714 

5873 

6031 

6190 

6349 

6607 

63' 

250047 

6799 

6999 

7199 

7399 

7599 

7799 

7999 

8199 

S.'., 

80  088 

188  88 

64 

64 

2656 

2734 

2813 

2N'.)1 

29119 

3047 

3125 

3203 

8281 

64s 

4096 

4150 

4272 

4395 

4517 

4639 

4761 

51  ii  15 

6127 

64" 

32768 

5188 

5341 

5493 

5646 

;.79s 

5961 

6104 

i  -M  ~ 

- 

64» 

262144 

6485 

6676 

6867 

7057 

72  is 

7439 

7-  129 

7820 

Mill 

• 

65 

65 

2615 

2692 

2769 

2S16 

2923 

3000 

5ii77 

3  1  5  1 

3231 

■ 

V0  93 

65> 

4225 

4024 

4142 

4260 

4379 

1197 

11,15 

475  1 

1852 

4970 

. 

65'- » 

34063 

1991 

5138 

5284 

5431 

;,;,7s 

5725 

5s  7  2 

6018 

. 

65' 

274625 

6190 

6372 

6654 

6735 

f,919 

7101 

7486 

Mill 

66 

66 

2578 

2652 

2727 

2S03 

2879 

2955 

3106 

3182 

66' 

4356 

3903 

4017 

4132 

1247 

4362 

4  177 

1691 

17'  6 

1821 

662.' 

35388 

4804 

4945 

-.list; 

5228 

5369 

56 1 ' ' 

66» 

287496 

5913 

(ins? 

6261 

6135 

6609 

6783 

7131 

717s 

. 

67 

67 

2537 

2612 

26*7 

2761 

2836 

2910 

8060 

67' 

4489 

3787 

3898 

4010 

4121 

1344 

I-, 7s 

67'» 

36744 

4623 

4763 

4899 

5036 

5171 

6307 

5443 

57  1  5 

1  V\  i  H 

67» 

300763 

;,f,-,2 

5819 

5985 

6151 

6817 

6484 

6660 

6816 

71  19 

• 

68 

68 

2500 

2574 

2647 

2721 

279  1 

2868 

2"  11 

68' 

4624 

3676 

3785 

3893 

4000 

4109 

4217 

. 

68>« 

38130 

4458 

4690 

4721 

4S.V2 

4988 

51 14 

52  15 

68» 

314432 

5407 

5566 

5725 

5ss  1 

6043 

6202 

■ 

69 

69 

2464 

2536 

2609 

2HS1 

27:.  1 

2''71 

69' 

4761 

3571 

3676 

3781 

H.KMi 

1096 

1201 

till 

108  <'-' 

69' •» 

39095 

4346 

1 176 

1604 

1372 

4860 

4988 

5116 

' .' .  00 

69» 

328509 

5175 

5327 

.-.17;  • 

578 1 

1   1  **  ' 

70 

70 

2429 

25(H) 

267 1 

271  1 

2786 

70» 

4900 

3469 

3571 

3673 

8776 

8878 

4082 

■ 

70' i 

40996 

4145 

4269 

4391 

161  ; 

1757 

5001 

51 12 

6866 

70» 

343000 

4956 

5102 

5831 

0880 

. 

71 

71 

2394 

2465 

2635 

27  If. 

KM 

71» 

5041 

8372 

3472 

357] 

8670 

7l'.i 

42476 

4002 

4120 

4288 

4856 

1173 

71» 

357911 

4750 

4ss;i 

5029 

5169 

5809 

51  IS 

5688 

0888 

174 


COMPARATIVE    INDICES    OF    BUILD. 


LABLE  XVII. — Equivalent  values  of  index  of  build  by  four  different  systems  of  ratios  between  weight  and  stature, 
English  system,  viz,  weight  -=-  stature:  weight  -5-  stature1;  weight  ■*■  stature'1*;  weight  -4-  stature* — Continued. 


Power  of 
stature. 

Stature. 

170 

175 

180 

185 

190 

195 

200 

205 

210 

215 

220 

225 

1  lb. 

5  lbs. 

72 

72 

2361 

2431 

2500 

2569 

2639 

2708 

2778 

2847 

2917 

2986 

3056 

3125 

13.889 

69.44 

722 

5184 

3279 

3376 

3472 

3569 

3665 

3762 

3858 

3954 

4051 

4147 

4244 

4340 

19.290 

96.46 

722.5 

43988 

3865 

397S 

4092 

4206 

4319 

4433 

4547 

4660 

4774 

4889 

5001 

5115 

22.734 

113.67 

723 

373248 

4555 

4689 

4823 

4957 

5091 

5224 

5358 

5492 

5626 

5760 

5894 

6028 

26.792 

133.96 

73 

73 

2329 

2397 

2466 

2534 

2603 

2071 

2740 

2808 

2877 

2945 

3014 

3082 

13.698 

68.49 

732 

5329 

3190 

3284 

3378 

3472 

3565 

3659 

3753 

3847 

3941 

4035 

4128 

4222 

18.765 

93.83 

732.6 

45531 

3734 

3844 

3953 

4063 

4174 

4283 

4393 

4502 

4612 

4722 

4832 

4942 

21.903 

109.82 

733 

389017 

4370 

4499 

4627 

4756 

4884 

5013 

5141 

5270 

5398 

5527 

5655 

5784 

25.706 

128.53 

74 

74 

2297 

2365 

2432 

2500 

2568 

2635 

2703 

2770 

2838 

2905 

2973 

3041 

13.514 

67.57 

742 

5476 

3104 

3196 

3287 

3378 

3470 

3561 

3652 

3744 

3835 

3926 

4018 

4109 

18.262 

91.31 

742.' 

47106 

3609 

3715 

3821 

3927 

4033 

4140 

4246 

4352 

4458 

4564 

4670 

4776 

21.229 

106.14 

743 

405224 

4195 

4319 

4442 

4565 

4689 

4812 

4936 

5059 

5182 

5306 

5429 

5553 

24.678 

123.39 

75 

75 

2267 

2333 

2400 

2467 

2533 

2600 

2667 

2733 

2800 

2S67 

2933 

3000 

13.333 

66.67 

75= 

5625 

3022 

3111 

3200 

3289 

3378 

3467 

3556 

3644 

3733 

3822 

3911 

4000 

17.778 

88.89 

752.» 

48714 

3490 

3592 

3695 

3798 

3900 

4003 

4106 

4208 

4311 

4414 

4516 

4619 

20.528 

102.64 

753 

421875 

4034 

4152 

4271 

4390 

4508 

4627 

4746 

4864 

4983 

5101 

5220 

5339 

23.727 

118.64 

76 

76 

2237 

2303 

2368 

2434 

2500 

2566 

2632 

2697 

2763 

2829 

2895 

2961 

13.158 

65.79 

762 

5776 

2943 

3030 

3116 

3203 

3289 

3376 

3463 

3549 

3636 

3722 

3809 

3895 

17.313 

86.57 

762.' 

50355 

3376 

3475 

3575 

3674 

3773 

3873 

3972 

4071 

4170 

4270 

4369 

4468 

19.S60 

99.29 

76' 

438976 

3873 

3987 

4101 

4214 

4328 

4442 

4556 

4670 

4784 

4898 

5012 

5126 

22 . 780 

113.90 

77 

77 

2208 

2273 

2338 

2403 

2468 

2532 

2597 

2662 

2727 

2792 

2S57 

2922 

12.987 

64.94 

77* 

5929 

2867 

2952 

3036 

3120 

3205 

3289 

3373 

3458 

3542 

3626 

3711 

3795 

16.866 

84.33 

772.6 

52027 

3268 

3364 

3460 

3556 

3652 

3748 

3844 

3940 

4036 

4133 

4229 

4325 

19.221 

96.10 

773 

456533 

3724 

3833 

3943 

4052 

4162 

4271 

4381 

4490 

4600 

4709 

4819 

4929 

21.904 

109.52 

78 

78 

2179 

2244 

2308 

2372 

2436 

2500 

2564 

2628 

2692 

2756 

2821 

2885 

12.821 

64.10 

78» 

6084 

2794 

2876 

2959 

3041 

3123 

3205 

3287 

3369 

3452 

3534 

3716 

3698 

16.437 

82.19 

782.6 

53732 

3164 

3257 

3350 

3443 

3536 

3629 

3722 

3815 

3908 

4001 

4094 

4187 

18.611 

93.05 

783 

474522 

3583 

3688 

3793 

3899 

4004 

4109 

4215 

4320 

1426 

4531 

4636 

4742 

21.074 

105  37 

Table  XVIII. — To  transmute  the  English  system  of  index  of  build  to  the  metric  system  {10 

units  English    =  0.7  unit  metric). 


English. 

Metric. 

English. 

Metric. 

English. 

Metric. 

English. 

Metric. 

16 

1.1 

30 

2.1 

44 

3.1 

58 

4.1 

17 

1.2 

31 

2.2 

45 

3.2 

59 

4.1 

18 

1.3 

32 

2.3 

46 

3.2 

60 

4.2 

19 

1.3 

33 

2.3 

47 

3.3 

61 

4.3 

20 

1.4 

34 

2.4 

48 

3.4 

62 

4.4 

21 

1.5 

35 

2.5 

49 

3.4 

63 

4.4 

22 

1.5 

36 

2.5 

50 

3.5 

64 

4.5 

23 

1.6 

37 

2.6 

51 

3.6 

65 

4.6 

24 

1.7 

38 

2.7 

52 

3.7 

66 

4.6 

25 

1.8 

39 

2.7 

53 

3.7 

67 

4.7 

26 

1.8 

40 

2.8 

54 

3.8 

68 

4.8 

27 

1.9 

41 

2.9 

55 

3.9 

69 

4.9 

28 

2.0 

42 

3.0 

56 

3.9 

70 

4.9 

29 

2.0 

43 

3.0 

57 

4.0 

LITKHATI  I5i;  C1TKD. 

Abmsby,  H.  P.,  and  J.   V  i   .<  191 1.    Theinflu 

zation  of  feed  by  cattle.     I 

Bulletin  128,  245  pp.,  Oct. 
Baldwin,  B.  T.     1921.    The  physical  gr<  wtb  of  children  from  l>irth  I  irity.     ' 

Iowa  Studies  in  Child  Welfare,  1  (No.  1  .ill  pp.,  Jtn 
Bardeen,  C.  R.    1920.    The  height-weight  index  of  build  in  relation 

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Martinet,  188  pp. 


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Figs,  3,   1.  5.     Views  of  a  case  ol  obesitj  of  the  km<l  called  dystrophia  adiposogenii 

typus  feminus,  age  16  years.     This  case  is  characterized  b>  obesity,  knock-ki 

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Fig.  1.     Rose  O,  the  individual  indicated  in   fig   35  al  111  15;  15 

I  15  cm.,  weight  of  85  kg.;  build  I  0    54  .  relative  chest-girth  0  78,  vi 
Fig.  2.     [II  2  in  Rec.  famihj  (p.  139);  build  1.2    57  ;  relative  chest-girth  0.90 
Fig.  3.     Daughter  of  foregoing;  build  '■'•  7    52 
Fig.    \.     <  1   sisters,  of  Luray,  Va.,  showing  conl  rasl  "t  build  in  two  full  sisl 

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Fig.  5.     The  girl  at  the  lefl  is  the  daughter  in  the  Sun    familj   pedigree    p.  I  10       The 

other  i>  : 1 1 1  unrelated  friend.    This  daughter  has  the  formula  79 

kg    L70  cm.;  build  2.7    3  ;  relative  chest-girth,  60,  fleshy. 


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